【正文】 舉國(guó)大治。國(guó)王當(dāng)晚設(shè)宴款待，熟料妖怪格蘭戴又復(fù)出現(xiàn)，捉食一名濟(jì)茲戰(zhàn)士，貝奧武夫與之格斗，貝氏扭斷其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重傷致死。全詩內(nèi)容分為兩部分： 第一部分描敘丹麥霍格國(guó)王（ King Hrothgurs）宏偉的宮殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格蘭戴（ Grendel）每晚出沒捉食霍格的戰(zhàn)士。雖然歷史上并未證實(shí)確有貝奧武夫其人，但詩中所提及的許多其他人物與事跡卻得到印證。該詩中并未提及英國(guó)，但學(xué)者相信該詩約於西元七二五年左右在英國(guó)完成。是以古英語記載的傳說中最古老的一篇，在語言學(xué)方面也是相當(dāng)珍貴的文獻(xiàn)。 it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people. 《貝奧武夫》（ Beowulf），又譯貝奧武甫，完成于西元八世紀(jì)，約 750 年左右的英雄敘事長(zhǎng)詩，長(zhǎng)達(dá) 3000 行。故事的舞臺(tái)位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。 貝奧武夫（ Beowulf）乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩。全詩凡三千一百八十二行，以斯 堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。 Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements. 本詩原以西撒克遜方言寫成，押頭韻而 不押尾韻，用雙字隱喻而不用明喻。此時(shí)恰巧瑞典南部濟(jì)茲（ Geats）王子貝奧武夫率家臣來訪，協(xié)助除害。第二天晚上，格蘭戴的母親前來為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個(gè)人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。 The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romancechivalry. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 英國(guó)封建主義時(shí)期最主要的文學(xué)是傳奇故事 (騎士文學(xué) ). 是最充分地表現(xiàn) 了封建貴族階級(jí)精神特征的文學(xué)，也是世俗的貴族階級(jí)文學(xué)的主要成就 . The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in in 4line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English mon people in feudal ,敘事詩 (押韻 ). Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry. Troilus and Criseyde 特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 . The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 , 以一伙來自社會(huì)各個(gè)階層的香客在宗教朝圣的 路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個(gè)時(shí)代人們的生活。 The Prologue 序言 :All classes of the English feudal the royalty and the poorest peasant. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5accents in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 喬叟 (13431400),英國(guó)詩歌之父 .首創(chuàng)英雄雙韻體 . The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. 文藝復(fù)興 ,提倡理性 ,人文主義 . Thomas More:Utopia 托馬斯 ?摩爾 :烏托邦 (空想社會(huì)主義 ).Book one picture of contemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring two ideal min wealth. More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis for a munist society. The son,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from (五步抑揚(yáng)格 ,押韻 ).blank verse:無韻體 (米爾頓 ). Sir Philip Sidey is wellknown as a poet and critic of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella” 圣 ?菲律浦 ?西德尼十四行詩 阿期菲爾和斯特拉 . Edmund Spenser:the “poet’s poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar” 斯賓塞 ,詩人中的詩人 ,牧羊人的日歷 .The Faerie Queene 是一部卷帙豐富的長(zhǎng)詩 ,詩中有傳統(tǒng)寓言 (ALLEGORY)以及對(duì)伊麗莎白女王的頌歌。 most of the stalls are closed. The only sound is the fall of coins as men count their money. Worst of all, however, is the vision of sexuality of his future that he receives when he stops at one of the few remaining open stalls. The young woman minding the stall is engaged in a conversation with two young men. Though he is potentially a customer, she only grudgingly and briefly waits on him before returning to her frivolous conversation. His idealized vision of Araby is destroyed, along with his idealized vision of Mangan’s sister: and of love. With shame and anger rising within him, he exits the bazaar. [edit] Characters As this story uses a first person limited narration, the most plex and developed character in the story is the narrator. The narrator faces two distinct challenges in Araby: the challenge of growing into manhood and the challenge of growing intellectually and emotionally in an environment so poisonous to the imagination that it all but guarantees a life of drudgery. The one informs the other。s dreams are heroic ones, romantic ones。 now that he has seen the Araby market for what it really is, the magic he once perceived is gone. Other characters in the story serve mostly as catalysts, foils, and filters for the narrator’s feelings and observations. The ironicallypresented priest, dead before the start of the story, is dead for a reason: religion is portrayed not only as moribund, but as lifedraining and hypocritical. The narrator’s aunt and uncle act as his surrogate parents, and their presence in the story raises the ominous question “What happened to his parents?” Furthermore, they are representatives of the adult world, and it is fair to say that, though they work hard and perhaps mean well, they provide little for the narrator to look forward to as he grows into a man. Certainly the female shopkeeper and her two male panions, by bringing the narrator to his unwele realization, play an important, if small, part in the drama of the story. But by far the most important minor character in the story is Mangan’s sister, as she gives rise to all of the major action in the story. Although she inspires the story’s action, the reader learns almost nothing about her. Her hair is like soft rope, her dress moves when she walks, she owns a silver bracelet and she cannot go to Araby because her convent has a retreat that conflicts with it。Araby39。 dreary, dark Dublin is the living, symbolic backdrop for the story.[citation needed] The gloomy atmosphere of North Richmond street that actually sets the scene at the start of the story is an anticipation of what lies ahead for the little boy in the bazaar of Araby. The first sentence of the story lets us know that North Richmond street is blind, and that the Christian Brothers’ School (O39。 the loss of innocence。 the dangers of idealization。 and the pain that often es when one encounters love in reality instead of its elevated form. These themes build on one another entirely through the thoughts of the young boy who serves as narrator. [edit] Romantic elements Wikisource has original text related to this article: Araby Araby contains many themes and traits mon to Joyce i