【正文】 tc), (2) affection (liking, fearing, etc), (3) cognition (thinking, knowing, etc) . Mary liked the gift. (SenserProcessPhenomenon) The gift pleased Mary. (PhenomenonProcessSenser) Process 3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being Two types: the Attributive and the Identifying. (修飾型 /認(rèn)同型 ) ? Attributive process expresses what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. (CarrierProcessAttribute) ? Identifying process expresses the identical properties of two entities. (IdentifiedProcessIdentifier) participant reversible attributive only one (carrier) No identifying two Yes Mary is wise. * Wise is Mary. Tom is the leader. The leader is Tom. 3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being Halliday points out that in any identifying clause, there is a Token (the more specific category) and a Value (the more general category). . John is the monitor. Identified Process Identifier Token Value Process These two relations can be further classified into the Intensive (χ is a ), Circumstantial (χ is at a), and Possessive (χ has a). Mode type attributive identifying (1)Intensive （集約的） (2)Circumstantial (環(huán)境的） (3)Posessive (屬有的） Sara is wise. The fair is on a Tuesday. Peter has a piano. Tom is the leader。 the 10th is tomorrow. The piano is Peter’s。 Traditional grammar: Voice: active vs. passive Functional grammar: Voice Middle 中動語態(tài) nonmiddle 非中動語態(tài) active passive middle voice: only one participant involved The glass broke. The baby stood up. nonmiddle voice: two participants or more She gave me this book. The landlady won’t sell. active: They have sold all the tickets. (actor) passive: All the tickets have been sold by them. (goal) He rose to speak, and was listened to with enthusiasm by the great crowd present. Interpersonal function The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act. 語言可以用來與他人進(jìn)行交往 ， 建立和保持人際關(guān)系 。 This function is realized by mood and modality. Speech roles and functions Role in exchange Commodity exchanged Goods amp。 Adjunct The boy will never write the report. Subject finite adjunct predicator plement Declarative vs. Interrogative Grammar can confuse students. subject finite predicator plement Mood Residue Can we find a solution? finite subject predicator plement Mood Residue Imperative (Do) Think about it! finite No subject predicator plement Mood Residue modality Modality specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction. 情態(tài)指的是說話者對自己所講的命題的成功性和有效性的判斷。 Service） 在命令中，涉及聽話者執(zhí)行某一行為的職責(zé)和義務(wù) Obligation: 責(zé)任階 （ allowed, supposed, required) 在提供中，關(guān)系到說話者實施某一行為的傾向和意愿 Inclination: 傾向性階 （ willing, anxious, determined) You should take it. 2. 被動詞組 You are