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式 疑問式 I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…? You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…? He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…? 否定疑問式 簡單回答 (肯定/否定) Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t. Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. 過去進行時 由助動詞be 的過去式 + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。過去進行時經(jīng)常與過去時配合使用。 The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老師在給我們上課時,湯姆走進教室。 He was reading while she was setting the table. 她擺桌子時,他在讀書。風(fēng)勢增強了。這種用法表明帶有的感情色彩。 In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝時,中國總是對西方列強妥協(xié)。 用法: 1)表示發(fā)生在過去某一時間或動作之前的事情,即“過去的過去”。如果兩個動作都是在過去發(fā)生的,先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的用一般過去時。(“去過”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前) How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止,他在這里教學(xué)多長時間啦? (“教學(xué)”發(fā)生在上學(xué)期末結(jié)束之前) When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我們到的時候,足球賽已經(jīng)開始了。 2)過去完成時動詞可以表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),這一動作一直持續(xù)到過去這一時刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。 By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點為止,他們已工作八小時了。 3)過去完成時動詞常用于間接引語和虛擬語氣,我們以后會詳細講述。例如: No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場抓獲。 過去完成進行時 had been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。這一時態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過去時一起使用。雨一直下了兩整天。 The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一輛新山地自行車很高興。 一般將來時 一般將來時動詞表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況。第一人稱I, we用shall 或will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下: 否定式 疑問式 I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…? You will not study…. Will you study…? He will not study…. Will he study…? 否定疑問式 簡單回答(肯定/否定) Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t. Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t. Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t. 例如: I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十歲。我想可能會下雨。 The train will arrive soon. 火車快要到了。 注意: 1)shall, will的縮寫形式為’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。例如: I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我將送你一支新鋼筆作為生日禮物。(決心) Shall I open the window?我打開窗戶好嗎?(征求允諾) You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到書就給你。(說話人的保證) I will do my best to help you.我愿意盡力幫助你。(說話人的命令) (2)be going + 動詞不定式 1)這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈隆@纾?My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語。 She is not going to be there.她不會到那兒去的。 We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我們準(zhǔn)備開個會來討論一下。例如: Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看這些烏云?要下雨了。 I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. ?恐怕我要得重感冒。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期這時候,我們將在那個工廠勞動。 I will be seeing him next month.我下個月將要見他。 We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我們要去海邊度假。一般將來時主要是對某一事情即將發(fā)生做一個事實性的說明或陳述,強調(diào)事實或意愿。第一人稱用should。美國英語所有人稱一律用would. should/would 的簡略形式為’d, 如I’d, you’d。還可以表示過去的傾向或過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。 She told me she would e again next week. 她和我說她下周還來。 He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情緒低落的時候,就拉小提琴。 (3)其他表示過去將來時的結(jié)構(gòu): 1將來完成時 shall/will + have + 過去分詞 用法:將來完成時動詞主要表示在將來的某一時刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r刻之前完成的動作,這一動作也可能繼續(xù)進行。 Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have pleted his work. 到上床睡覺的時候,小明會做完他的工作(或作業(yè))。 By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. ?到2008年9月,北京將舉行完了奧運會。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài),即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。如: Saddam is being tried.薩達姆正在接受審判。 More and more people use puters now.(主動語態(tài)) Computers are more and more widely used now.(被動語態(tài)) English is spoken all over the world. (被動語態(tài)) (二)英漢兩種語言在表達被動方式上的差異 漢語表達被動語態(tài)非常簡單明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等詞來表示,如“被捕”、“被殺”、“受到凌辱”等。其中助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化,而這正是英語被動語態(tài)的難點。這里要強調(diào)一定是及物動詞的過去分詞,因為不及物動詞不能帶賓語,也就不可能有被動語態(tài)。如: “During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面試的時候,用英語問你問題了嗎?”“沒有,沒有用英語問我問題。 Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐館正在裝修嗎? The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。實際上,那家餐館從來沒有裝修過。換個說法,有一件事情不知道是誰干的或者不想說出是誰干的,這時就用被動語態(tài)。 These fighters are imported from Russia. 這些戰(zhàn)斗機是從俄國進口的。 說話或發(fā)表意見時,為了顯得客觀公正,也常用被動語態(tài) He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信/據(jù)報道他在美國。還要作如下變動:把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;主動語態(tài)的主語放在by的后面,組成介詞短語,再把這個介詞短語放在被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞之后。例如: They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他們很快將在那里開辦個新超市。 The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位醫(yī)生用英語講了兩次課。 Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我們要當(dāng)心老鼠。 如果主動語態(tài)有兩個賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語),變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可將其中任何一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個不變。 The reporters asked the president some questions. 記者們問了總統(tǒng)一些問題。 He has been given a job. (變間接賓語為主語) A job has been given (to) him. (變直接賓語為主語) (六)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) 句中含有情態(tài)動詞時,其被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞: The timetable can be changed any time.時間表隨時可以改變。 This dictionary must be taken good care of. 這本詞典必須保管好。例如: School begins in September.學(xué)校九月份開學(xué)。 The machine runs well.這臺機器容易操作。 The cloth washes well.這料子耐洗。 The book hardly sells.這書買不出去。 make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役動詞和感官動詞的賓語后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補。例如: They made him go. 他們讓他去。 I heard him say goodbye to his friends. 我聽見他向他的朋友說再見。 除助動詞be外,動詞get有時也可跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),是比較口語化的一種被動語態(tài)。例如: I got lost in the huge market. 在那個巨大的市場中我迷失了方向。 In the end this story got translated into English. 這故事最后被譯成了英文。 “have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型也表達了一種被動的意思。 I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天買東西的時候我的錢夾被盜。 I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折買了這些書,省了兩百美元。 Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered)你的花園需要澆水。這種理解固然是對的,但并不全面。假設(shè),意愿等只是虛擬語氣的兩個方面。這又一次證明動詞在英語中的核心地位,又一次證明要學(xué)好英語語法,就要學(xué)好英語動詞。虛擬語氣本身也是英語語法的一個難點。下面對虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法分別介紹。 請看一個句子: If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀請我參加聚會,我就去。這句話說明說話人認為邀請的可能性較大。 請把這句話與下面虛擬語氣的帶條件從句的主從復(fù)合句進行比較: 1) If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀請我參加聚會,我就去。) 這句話主句謂語動詞用過去將來時,從句謂語動詞用一般過去時,其含義是: She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party.她很可能不會邀請我參加聚會,所以我不會去。 這句話主句謂語動詞用“should + have