【正文】 up with the dog. She doesn’t listen carefully enough. “評價”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：What do you think of …?= How do you like …? =How / What do you feel about…?“你對…怎么看？”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是動詞。而How…?句中無like.), cost, pay, spend區(qū)別：It + take + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree. 物 + cost + sb + 錢： The bag cost me thirty yuan. 若cost后無sb, 則譯作“價錢是”： The bag costs 30 Yuan. 人+ pay + sb + 錢 + for sth： I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.. (pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。) 人 + spend + 時間/ 錢 + on sth / (in) doing sth. The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet. The girl always spends much money on her clothes. spend 有時可指“度過”：spend holiday / weekends / winter：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Please show it to me. 而不說show me it.：（連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞） Keep careful when you are listening to the teacher. （斜體部分是句子，when是連詞） Keep careful when listening to the teacher. （斜體部分是名詞短語，when是介詞） 類似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那個叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。—4—He’s eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸雞。There is no time left. “沒時間剩余了。I have read a novel written by Lu 。下同。一般來說，定語部分不只一個詞時， 常放在名詞的后面。 the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在進(jìn)行)a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper…… (本行表示功能)： 由一些及物動詞派生而來，和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。以下帶ed形式的詞的各個短語一般都譯為“對…感到…”。They went to Beijing five days later. (later前無時間段，單獨(dú)在句尾，常用于將來時：I’ll see you later.) after“…時間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：after+時間段，常用于一般過去時，和相同。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. I saw it ten minutes ago. (若有since+時間段+ago，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：Mr. Li has worked here since 5 years ago.) before 單獨(dú)放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：“以前” I have been to London before. He has seen the film before. (若是時間段+before,常用過去完成時，“…前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.) ：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；June, 六月； July, 七月； August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；November, 十一月； December, 十二月。Sunday是一周的第一天， Saturday是最后一天。also, 通常挨著動詞，少用于句尾。as well, 只用于句尾, 前無逗號?！?—：帶to不定式有邏輯賓語在前時，to后動詞用及物動詞；不及物時需跟介詞。） He runs too fast for us to catch up with. （he是catch up with的邏輯賓語，帶with.） There are no seats to sit on. （坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.） 24.(a) little / (a) few: few，little“幾乎沒有；少”否定詞。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定) Tom is so shy that he has few friends. a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English. 另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little。如： a little sheep譯為“一只小羊”）+副詞：put on (穿上) / put off (推遲) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (舉起，搭起，掛起，張貼) / put down (放下) / put out(撲滅)。turn on(打開) / turn off (關(guān)閉) / turn up (調(diào)大) / turn down(關(guān)小)。 use up(用光)。 pick up(撿起、拿起)try out(驗證) / try on(試穿)。 clean up / out （打掃干凈）。 think up（想出；想起）。 fix up(修理)。 help out(幫人解決)。 look up(查找) / look over(仔細(xì)查看)。 write down(寫下)。 make up(編造、組成)； set off(激起、觸發(fā))注：名詞做以上短語的賓語，可放在它們中間或后邊；而代詞做賓語，只放在中間。和…一樣… His room is as big as mine. He runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as your brother’s.as…as possible / sb can “盡可能…” We went there as soon as possible. —7—Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could.有些短語有幾個意思：as soon as 和…一樣快；一…就…； as much as和…一樣多；多達(dá)； as long as和…一樣長；長達(dá)；只要； as well as和…一樣好；和…一樣； as far as遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就…來說 (as…as…在否定句中也可說so…as….) 也可表示倍數(shù)： This room is twice as big as that one. 這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。I have something to tell you. Maybe somebody has taken it. 若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? Will you buy me some books? May I give you some tea? Would you like some milk?在一些”do some…”短語中, 即使是疑問句中, some也不變?yōu)閍ny. 如：Will you do some washing next Sunday? 這些短語有： do some shopping / cleaning / cooking / sweeping / washing 等。 Is everybody here？No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave. The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.：八個時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(am / is / are + )、一般將來時(will / shall / be going to+動詞原形)、 一般過去時、 過去進(jìn)行時(was / were + )、 現(xiàn)在完成時(have / has + v. 過去分詞)、 過去完成時(had + v. 過去分詞)、過去將來時(would + v. 原形) 六個形式： 原形； 過去式(規(guī)則的加ed)； 過去分詞(規(guī)則的加ed)； 第三人稱單數(shù)(加s / es)； 現(xiàn)在分詞()； 帶to不定式。(各見語法2) whether“無論”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 / “是否”引導(dǎo)賓語從句（相當(dāng)于if） 都譯為“是否”時，whether可接or not, 也可接帶to不定式。另外，if可接any單詞，常不接some單詞。位置：Because…, …或…, because…. since, 表顯然的或已知的理由Since it’s already late, I must go now. for, 位置：…，for….語氣最弱。As I am ill, I won’t go.：must, may, might, could, can, can’t must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。 may / might“也許”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。但can多用于否定。such bad weather / good news /beautiful music…。 such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies / clever children…。：so + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語，“…也” 上下文所指不是同一個人或物。A: We have lunch at school. B: So you do. 又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem. B: So he can. （注意以上黑體字的照應(yīng)） / nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語 “…也不”上文是否定句。He got Peter to buy him a pen.have + 賓語+ 動詞原形 / ing / 過去分詞Have him do it, 。）We had the machine 。）We had the machine （讓機(jī)器被修理了，表被動。 It is used to cut things. （主語是物） be used to 譯為“習(xí)慣于…”，后接動詞ing或名詞 / 代詞. （主語常是人）如：He’s used to working late. We are used to the country life. Are you used to it? be used for “被用于…”，后接名詞或動詞ing （主語也是物） 如：English is used for business. Knives are used for cutting things.38. through / past / across 區(qū)別: 都可作介詞，“穿過”，前常有位移動詞(以下黑體部分)。 past,旁邊。 位移動詞 + across有時相當(dāng)于動詞cross. number of / a number of: 前者“…的數(shù)量”；后者“許多的” 都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。The number of the trees is two thousand. （用單數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前有限定詞） A number of trees have been cut down. （用復(fù)數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前無限定詞）—10—：how long，since，for