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tles or occupations, or in animals of worship. A few others e from numbers. 一 氏族略序 》 中說:“三代之前,姓氏分而二,男子稱氏,女子稱姓。 …… 姓所以別婚姻, …… 氏同姓不同者,婚姻可通;姓同氏不同者,婚姻不可通。 ◇ 現(xiàn)代學(xué)者對于姓氏的產(chǎn)生有各種看法,基本可歸納為 3種觀點: 姓氏產(chǎn)生于母系社會 --姓從女從生,是不同母系血緣的區(qū)別。氏是代表母系氏族的分支。改朝換代后,新的政權(quán)要對貴族的姓重加賜名。 3 ◆ 古人在姓之前一般冠之以序,即 “ 孟、仲、叔、季” 表明排行。女子出嫁后姓前冠以國名或丈夫的氏名,如齊姜、趙姬;死后姓前冠以丈夫或其本人的號,如武姜、敬贏。 三、名與字 ◆ 名是屬于個人的符號 春秋時期,有人提出命名有“信、義、象、假、類”等五方面的依據(jù),信是上天的征兆,義是祝頌的意愿,象是孩子的形象,假是借用某物的名稱,類是孩子與父親的共同點。 ? Meanings in Chinese given names are always chosen to reflect elements of the culture or era. ? In the old days, characters meaning “health” , “fortune” , and “happiness” were very mon in names. Characters with the meanings of “gift” , “handsome”, and “ clever” were often chosen by parents as well wishes for their children to be beautiful , capable , and intelligent. ? During the 1950s and 1960s, many boys were given the name with the meaning of “building the country” , “ celebrating the nation” , “fighting the American imperialists” , and “overtaking the British”. ? The reform and opening policies also provided more choices of characters, such as “bo” meaning “ strive” , “ si”, meaning “ thoughtful” and “ yuhang” meaning “ aeronautics” . Parents would like their Children to learn more knowledge , to be more thoughtful and to have great aspirations. Some people also like to use translated Western names such David, Richard , Lisa and Linda. ? Social scientists say that what you’re called can effect your life. A recent survey showed that girls with attractive names such as Susan, Linda and Cindy can perform better than the girls with less appealing names. 四、號 ◆ 號的種類很多,常見的有別號、室號、與渾號 ◆ 別號 : ? 自己取號 ① 表示某種喜好、志向、愿望、特長、情趣,如東晉陶潛宅旁有五株柳樹,因而自號“五柳先生”; ②可用來表示籍貫或住處,如唐代詩人李白生長于青蓮鄉(xiāng),自號“青蓮居士”,宋代文人蘇軾貶官黃州時居于東坡,自號“東坡居士”; ? 他人取號 常以被取號人的郡望、官爵、謚號等命名,如北宋王安石稱王臨川,清代李鴻章稱李合肥,是以郡望取號;南朝鮑參軍、唐代杜工部是以官爵取號; 唐代韓愈稱韓文公、南宋岳飛稱岳武穆是以謚號相稱。 ? 王維的 竹里館 、陸游的老 學(xué)庵、 錢謙益的 絳云樓 等都是室名。 第四章 中國古代哲學(xué) An Outline of Ancient Chinese Philosophy Theme of Ancient Chinese Philosophy ? 宇宙 ? 人的本性 ? 怎樣給事物取名 ? 人的形體與精神 的關(guān)系 ? 天理與人欲的道德修養(yǎng) ? 怎樣用陰陽五行來解釋天體運行 ? 萬物生長 ? 歷史演變中國古代 ? 天人合一 (貫穿于中國古代哲學(xué)全過程的主題 ) 一、中國哲學(xué)的主題 ? “天人合一 ”--講的是天與人的關(guān)系 ,認為天道與人道,自然與人為,天與人是相通的、統(tǒng)一的。 ? 內(nèi)圣外王 內(nèi)圣, 講的是人的修養(yǎng)成就;外王,講的是在社會上的功用。內(nèi)圣外王的整個過程可以由修身、齊家、治國、平天下的順序依次遞進,被中國歷代社會所推崇的理想人物幾乎都按這種模式加以塑造。諸子是指那個時期建立獨立思想,樹立專門學(xué)說的代表人物,百家指各個學(xué)派,不過在古代常常是混雜統(tǒng)稱的。 ? 在中國哲學(xué)歷史上,各個學(xué)派并不具有同等價值,一般來說,其中的 儒、墨、道、法、名、陰陽 六家是不會省略不提的 ,此外,先秦時代還有研究軍事理論、從事軍事活動的學(xué)派,被人們稱為 兵家 ,這一學(xué)派的代表作《 孫子兵法 》 ,含有豐富而樸素的辯證法思想 . (一)儒家 Confucianism ◆ 儒家學(xué)說的主要概念是仁與義,所以又稱仁義之 道,是春秋戰(zhàn)國時期最大的思想流派。 ◆ 儒學(xué)創(chuàng)自孔子,孔子為儒學(xué)建構(gòu)了一個基本框架,他提出了 “為國以禮”的治國方案,“天下歸仁”的 道德理想; “述而不作”的文化觀,即儒家所謂的“圣人創(chuàng)作”,“賢人傳述”。 Boston New York City Confucius (551479 BC) A great philosopher, political thinker and educator of ancient China Founder of a pattern of thinking that has been followed by more people for more generations than anyone else on earth Spirit of Confucianism Benevolence 仁 Ritual Propriety 禮 Doctrine of the Mean 中庸之道 Doctrine of Rectification of names 正名之說 天命之說 ? Confuciarlism is the backbone of Chinese culture. Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence. The Analects of Confucius (論語 ) is a record of his political views. ? Confuciarusm represents a set of moral principles because it stresses fairness and harmony in human relationships, as well as the individuals social responsibility for their country. For Confucius, political honesty is based on individual ethical integrity. Confuciarlism seems to be back in fashion again. (二)墨家 Moism ? 墨家一開始就是作為儒家的反對派出現(xiàn)的。 ? 墨子姓墨名翟,是墨家的創(chuàng)始人,他提出“尚賢,尚同,節(jié)用,節(jié)葬,非樂,非命,尊天,明鬼,兼愛,非攻”等十大主張。 (三)道家 Taoism ? 道家是一種亂世時期的哲學(xué),將人們思考的范圍從倫理道德,人生與政治擴展到整個宇宙,在抽象思維上是一個巨大的進步,它對古代哲學(xué),政治軍事,醫(yī)學(xué)養(yǎng)生都產(chǎn)生了廣泛而深刻的影響。代表作是 《 老子 》 ,有叫 《 道德經(jīng) 》 ;主要思想是,無名之道,反者道之動,無為而治。代表著作是 《 莊子 》 ;主要思想是“萬物一齊”,一是齊物我,即天地與我并生,萬物與我為一;二是期是非。 Taoism Founded by Lao Zi, Li Er, Lao Dan. An Older Contemporary of Confucius A native of the State of Chu Tao: way, road, course Origin of the universe, the root of all things, the law of natural change and social development, the principles of political and military affairs. All truths of human existence Confucianism Taoism practical mystical classical romantic social responsibility spontaneity human above human within society beyond society (四)兵家與法家 the Strategist School and the Legalist School ? 兵家是先秦 漢初研究軍事理論,從事軍事活動的學(xué)派,孫武是這一學(xué)派的主要代表。 ? 《 孫子兵法 》 是中國古代第一部有系統(tǒng)的兵書,也是世界古代一部最優(yōu)秀的,兵寓于哲的軍事著作。法家以社會轉(zhuǎn)型,政治變革為目標,法是做為禮的對立面出現(xiàn)的。 ? 集法家之大成的是韓非 ,著有 《 韓非子 》 55篇 ,他匯集了儒家、墨家、道家的一些重要思想,以法治為中心,綜合運用法權(quán)術(shù)。所謂法,是君主指定的法令 。 ? 帝王之術(shù) --韓非子認為,法權(quán)術(shù)缺一不可,都是帝王統(tǒng)治的工具,帝王必須有威嚴,必須有法,必須有用人之術(shù),這就是所謂的帝王之術(shù)。 (五)名家 the School of Logicians ? 名家是戰(zhàn)國時期以辯論名實問題為中心的一個學(xué)派,它所涉及的問題相當廣泛,對先秦邏輯思想的發(fā)展有很大的貢獻。 (六)陰陽家 the Yin Yang School ? 陰陽家是戰(zhàn)國時期創(chuàng)開陰陽五行學(xué)說的學(xué)派,陰陽五行學(xué)說是在“術(shù)數(shù)”的基礎(chǔ)上揉和陰陽說與五行說發(fā)展而成的。 ? Some Chinese people like to keep a bowl of gold fish in their office. They think this can bring good luck in dealing with office politics and in their career. That’ s what we call Fengshui. ? It is heavily influenced by the theory of the five natural elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. The theory is all about how things plement, or check , each other , and , how people should pursue harmony to avoid harm. In other words , it’s about