【正文】 ans can be infected by ingesting infected first intermediate hosts (., infected copepods in drinking water) 2 ingesting infected second intermediate hosts (., raw or undercooked amphibians, reptiles or mammals). 3 Humans may infected by pasting the eye or wound with flesh of frogs or other transport hosts.. Sparganosis has been reported from many countries of the world, but is most mon in Asia. Clinical manifestations 1 Ocular sparganosis 2 subcutaneous sparganosis 3 oral sparganosis 4 cerebral sparganosis 5 visceral sparganosis The pathology associated with sparganosis depends on the number and size of spargana and the ans involved : Infections consisting of one or two spargana in the deep muscles might cause no overt symptoms and go undiagnosed. Infections in the eye can result in blindness, while infections of subdermal tissues can result in painful lumps that might be misdiagnosed as cancer . Sparganum in the breast of a female patient A sparganum recovered from a lump in the breast of a female patient suspected of having breast cancer Sparganum in the same patient The entire sparganum recovered from the above patient. Diagnosis If the intact parasite extracted, it can be recognized by the head with the characteristic deep invagination. A histological section containing a sparganum. Note the intense host response around the metacestode. Treatment The treatment for sparganosis is surgical excision of the localized infections. Praziquantel is also effective. Epidemiology Sparganosis has been reported from many countries of the world, but is most mon in Asia. Epidemology ? Human infected with sparganosis in three ways: ? 1 drinking fresh water containing infected copepod. ? 2 applying the flesh (esp. frog or snake) as poultice on the eye or wound. 3 eating raw or undercooked meat ( mammals, reptiles and amphibians etc.) Breast sparganosis A sparganum recovered from a lump in the breast of a female patient suspected of having breast cancer . Spargnosis Another route of infection in Asia is from poultices prepared from frogs infected with spargana that are applied directly to ulcers, sores, and inflamed eyes. Ocular (Eye) spargnosis Cerebral spargnosis is characterized by seizures, paresthesia, hemiparesis, and similar CNS symptoms. Diphyllobothrium latum TAENIA SOLIUM The Lancet (2022) 361: 547 ? T. solium has a scolex (A) with four suckers and a double crown of hooks, a narrow neck, and a large strobila (24 m) (B) consisting of several hundred proglottids. ? About 2 months after ingestion, proglottids begin to detach from the distal end and are excreted in the feces. ? Each segment contains 5060,000 fertile eggs. The armed scolex of T. solium (note hooks on top of scolex). CDC Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) 1 The adult worm lives in the intestine of humans. 2 The larvae ( Cysticercus cellulosae ，bladder worm) localize in pigs mainly. 3 Cysticercus cellulosae can also infect humans causing cysticercosis. Morphology Adult : 24 m long, 7001000 segments: Scolex Neck Immature segment Mature segment Gravid segment Morphology Scolex: 1mm in diameter, a rostellum armed with two circles of hooks. ( armed tapeworm) four suckers Neck: The region for proliferation rostellum sucker Immature segment note that the reproductive ans are just beginning to differentiate. ? (Carmine stained) Developing reproductive ans Mature segments (proglottids) Hermaphroditic testes, sperm duct ovary, uterus genital pore vitellaria (yolk gland) excretory canal Mature segment Mature segment ( Ovary with 3 lobes) a small central lobe Note: Trilobed ovary ( Carmine stained ) Gravid segment ? Note : Less than 14 ? (713) lateral uterine branches (one side) ? India ink stained Cysticercus cellulosae Scolex cyst The cyst is filled with fluid Cysticercus cellulosae It is soybeanlike in shape, has an small scolex invaginated into the translucent cyst. (left) The scolex evaginated from the cyst (right) Cysticercius cellulosae Cystcercus cellulosae in muscles of pigs (measly pork ) Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) 肥胖帶絳蟲，牛帶絳蟲 48 m , 10002022 segments Scolex Neck Immature segment Mature segment Gravid segment TAENIA SAGINATA ? Beef tapeworm ? Ranges in length from 48 m ? Geographic distribution: cosmopolitan. Most mon where poor sanitation and no inspection of meat. ?Transmission: Ingestion of larval form in undercooked beef ?In N. America 1 in 100 is infected. ?In thirdworld nations could be up to 10% ?No symptoms or some abdominal disfort ?Diagnosis: finding eggs or proglottids in feces Taenia saginata adult worm. Taenia saginata, Scolex (Mit freundlicher Genehmigung Roche AG) Scolex and Neck ? 2 mm in diameter ? Without hooks or undistinguished rostellum ? Four suckers ? ( unarmed tapeworm) Mature segment