【正文】 al, not scientific and technological, questions. ? Environmental policy ought to be decided in the political arena and not in scientific laboratories, corporate boardrooms, or government bureaucracies. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 16 Traditional ethical assumptions (1) 1. The inert nature assumption: ? Nature has no interest and that nothing counts as “good” for nature. Without interest, there is no role for a right. 2. The anthropocentric (以人為主的 ) assumption: ? A bad case of “speciesism” (Singer, 1975). 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 17 Traditional ethical assumptions (2) 3. The current generation assumption: ? “First e, first served.” ? “Devil takes the hindmost.” ? “What have future persons ever done for me.” 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 18 Traditional ethical assumptions (3) ? Consequences: – Resources depletion, environmental pollution, ecological destruction, …. ? Chechile, R. A., Carlisle, Susan, Environmental Decision Making: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 19 Environmental Ethics (1) ? Environmental ethics presents and defends a systematic and prehensive account of the moral relations between human beings and their natural environment. ? Environmental ethics assumes that human behavior toward the natural world can be and is governed by moral norms. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 20 Environmental Ethics (2) ? Environmental ethics must – explain what these norms are – explain to whom or to what humans have responsibilities – show how these responsibilities are justified 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 21 Environmental Ethics (3) ? Some authors speak of different levels of environmental consciousness which suggests that people will understand the world in different ways depending on their ethical and environmental sensitivity. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 22 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 23 金玉良言 ? Relations with others are not purely external to the self. My mitment to my friends or my children, to a person whom I love or a social movement in which I believe, may be a part of my own deepest being, so that when I devote myself to them, my overriding experience is not of sacrificing myself but of fulfilling myself. The moral philosophers, Norman R.,Oxford: Clarendon press 1983. – 力行環(huán)保與簡樸生活，如乘捷運(yùn)、不吃稀有動植物等，算是犧牲嗎？不是，是成就自我。iethikamp。ic /thik/ Function: adjective Etymology: Middle English etik, from Latin ethicus, from Greek Ethikos, from Ethos character more at SIB Date: 1607 1 : of or relating to ethics 2 : involving or expressing moral approval or disapproval 3 : conforming to accepted professional standards of conduct 4 of a drug : restricted to sale only on a doctor39。ii39。tE/ noun ethcalethik(amp。iness /kamp。s/ noun 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 27 Two elements of utilitarian theory ? The subject: good ? The rule for judging what is an ethical act (or alternative): the act should maximize the good consequences. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 28 ? Main Entry: hedonism ? Pronunciation: 39。nizamp。 akin to Greek hEdys sweet more at SWEET ? Date: 1856 ? 1 : the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the sole or chief good in life ? 2 : a way of life based on or suggesting the principles of hedonism 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 29 Hedonism ? Philosophers monly distinguish between psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism. Psychological hedonism is the view tha