環(huán)境的道德觀(已改無錯字)
2022-11-24 08:37:20 本頁面
【正文】 (1) : a service (as light, power, or water) provided by a public utility (2) : equipment or a piece of equipment to provide such service or a parable service 4 : a program or routine designed to perform or facilitate especially routine operations (as copying files or editing text) on a puter 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 36 There are two basic types of value ? Intrinsic value: the good is the first type of value, ., pleasure or happiness ? Instrumental value: all other things belong to the second type of value. The value (of a thing) is judged in terms of utility, or their usefulness in producing good consequences. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 37 摘要 ? 效用 （ utility） 是用來衡量一個東西 （ thing）的工具價值 （ instrumental value） 。 什麼工具價值 ？ 人在使用這個東西之後 ， 因?yàn)閼j望的被滿足 ， 而產(chǎn)生出快樂或愉快 （ happiness or pleasure） ， 或好的結(jié)果 （ good consequence） 。更具體的說 ， 效用是用來衡量一個東西可以產(chǎn)生出多少總量的快樂或愉快 （ 或這個東西有多少好的總量 ） 。 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 38 Difficulties and challenges against utilitarian 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 39 The difficulties（ 1） ? The good is a qualitative concept. It is useless in terms of decision making. The good must be quantitative. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 40 The difficulties（ 2） ? Quantitative process involves measuring, paring, and quantifying. Trouble begins here. – When several, say more than five or six, dependent attributes are involved, the problem bees very plicated. – Decision maker usually find it hard to answer or even to understand the analyst’s hypothetical questions... 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 41 The challenges (1) ? The ethical status, . right or wrong, of any act always depends on the consequences, according to the utilitarian. Let us think two examples, – Betray your friend and have a million dollars reward. – An act will result in beneficial social consequences, but will cause the extinction of a species. ? Is it ethically better if we act on principle? Say, the principle of “ Do not betray your friend.” 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 42 The challenges (2) ? If we can generate a goodprincipleandethical act and, at the same time, it achieves the best consequences among all (less ethical) acts. Then this is what I called “an act under control”. That means a good principle implies an act, and that act implies the best consequences among all acts. QUESTION: Is this possible? – The conclusion is that we have NO control over the Utilitarian’s act under the good principle guidance. ? This means we might select a less ethical act under the good principle guidance. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 43 The challenges (3) ? Utilitarian tend to restrict the range of relevant subjects, usually current generations. Other values, such as trees, animals, people in other countries, and future generations are excluded in their quantifying analyses due to the measurement problems. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 44 Ethical issues in economic analysis of environmental problems 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 45 Ethical framework of classical economic analysis ends and means ? The end of economic policy is the maximum satisfaction of individual desires, or maximum happiness, of current generations. ? The functioning of a free and petitive market is believed to be the ethically best means for attaining that end. 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 46 Does economic analysis distort or ignore environmental issues? Some background 11/17/2020 Environmental Ethics 47 Willingness to pay and want, or preference ? Each consu
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