【正文】 hese standards have been withdrawn by the IEEE although they are still available from some sources as a historical document. There are currently two active groups working under the IEEEUFFC auspices IEEE Submittee on Loss in Acoustic Materials: Standards on Characterization of Losses in Electromechanical Materials coordinated by Dr Stewart Sherrit (JPL). The aim is to develop new ways of analysing loss through use of plex impedance and to write new IEEE standard based on the analysis. Details of this can be found at the UTMR website. A Draft of the IEEE standard on Ferroelectricity This is a definition of terms for ferroelctrics and is being developed by SusanTrolierMcKinstry. There is a link to this at the IEEEUFFC website but at the time of writing this was not working. US Military Standards The US military have specifications and standards relating to the supply of goods for use in defence, including the following standard MILSTD 1376B (SH) Piezoelectric Ceramic Material and Measurements Guidelines for Sonar Transducers This standard was cancelled in 1999. It is still widely referred to as the source of of the various Navy types for piezoelectric materials. There is also some standards development going on at the UTMR although it is not clear what form these standards will eventually be published as. Committee on Standard Protocols for Single Crystal Piezoelectrics This is coordinated by Dr Lynn EwartPaine (NUWC) on behalf of Dr Wallace Smith ONR and is aimed at producing a protocol for the calculation of the dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficients for piezoelectric single crystals. VAMAS VAMAS is the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards and supports world trade in products dependant on advanced materials technologies, through International collaborative projects aimed at providing the technical basis for harmonized measurements, testing, specifications, and standards. The prestandards research activities of VAMAS are organized into technical mittees called Technical Working Areas (TWAs) which are approved by the a steering mittee and led by International Chairmen. A recent technical working area, TWA 24 Performance 外文翻譯 5 Related Properties for ElectroCeramics is chaired by Dr. Markys Cain, and there are a number of proposed projects in this area directly related to piezoelectrics. A new VAMAS project An International Interparison of Direct Piezoelectric Coefficient using the Berlincourt Method., has just started. The objective is to determine the experimental variability in the measurement of the piezoelectric coefficient of electroceramic materials via the standard method described as the Berlincourt Method. See the TWA 24 home page for more details. The VAMAS TWA24 home page is hosted at NPL. EIA The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) is a national trade organization that includes the full spectrum of . manufacturers, representing more than 80% of the electronics industry. There are some standards related to multilayer capacitors, including EIA 521 Application Guide for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Electrical Summary This document covers capacitor classes IIV. Definition of important terms are included. Factors influencing performance as temperature, voltage (. and .), temperaturevoltage, ageing, and frequency are discussed in detail. Other topics as piezoelectric properties, corona, dielectric absorption, reliability, and applications are described extensively. Standards organisations with no active content related to piezoelectric materials ANSI ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, is a private, nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the . voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. ANSI is the official . representative to the International Accreditation Forum (IAF), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and, via the . National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). As a result the most of the piezoelectric related work is already covered in the IEC standards. ISO The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 140 countries, one from each country. ISO is a nongovernmental organization established in 1947. The mission