【正文】 ity in the measurement of the piezoelectric coefficient of electroceramic materials via the standard method described as the Berlincourt Method. See the TWA 24 home page for more details. The VAMAS TWA24 home page is hosted at NPL. EIA The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) is a national trade organization that includes the full spectrum of . manufacturers, representing more than 80% of the electronics industry. There are some standards related to multilayer capacitors, including EIA 521 Application Guide for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Electrical Summary This document covers capacitor classes IIV. Definition of important terms are included. Factors influencing performance as temperature, voltage (. and .), temperaturevoltage, ageing, and frequency are discussed in detail. Other topics as piezoelectric properties, corona, dielectric absorption, reliability, and applications are described extensively. Standards organisations with no active content related to piezoelectric materials ANSI ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, is a private, nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the . voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. ANSI is the official . representative to the International Accreditation Forum (IAF), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and, via the . National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). As a result the most of the piezoelectric related work is already covered in the IEC standards. ISO The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 140 countries, one from each country. ISO is a nongovernmental organization established in 1947. The mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. ISO39。en de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardization), promotes voluntary technical harmonization in Europe in conjunction with worldwide bodies and its partners in Europe. In Europe, CEN works in partnership with CENELEC. ASTM Organized in 1898, ASTM (the American Society for Testing and Materials) is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. ASTM is a notforprofit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services. The standards involving piezoelectric materials produced by this organisation are mainly related to their use as acoustic emission sensors, and there are no standards directly related to the performance of piezoelectric materials or devices. There are however a couple of standards relevant to piezoelectric materials measurement ASTM D 15098 ‘Standard test methods for AC loss characteristics and permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of solid electrical insulation’. ASTM D14997a 39。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)，尤其是國(guó)際的，是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期和吃力不討好的業(yè)務(wù)，而且他們都成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是對(duì)一個(gè)少數(shù)個(gè)人存在的敬意。 壓電相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu) CENELEC 的是歐洲電工技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會(huì)，并已被正式確認(rèn)為歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織 ，歐洲委員會(huì)在其領(lǐng)域的指令 83/189/EEC。由于大部分內(nèi) CENELEC 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有英語(yǔ)，法語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)版本這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。常用的形狀包括光碟，矩形板，棒，管，氣瓶和半球以及彎曲的元素（圓形和矩形），三明治和單片多層。這些值提供了設(shè)計(jì)參考。 這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與在很寬的頻率，機(jī)電或 mechanoelectrical 轉(zhuǎn)換范圍博塔電力應(yīng)用壓電陶瓷換能器。他們的申請(qǐng)已被廣泛增加，各工業(yè)領(lǐng)域：機(jī)外文翻譯 8 械工程：工具的定位，夾具，積極楔，阻尼，主動(dòng)控制，發(fā)電，聲波或超聲波的振動(dòng) 微電子：口罩，晶圓或磁頭，非磁性驅(qū)動(dòng)，斷路器定位， 流體：比例閥，泵，噴墨，小滴發(fā)電機(jī)，噴油嘴， 光學(xué)反射鏡或透鏡定位，聚焦，激光腔調(diào)整，調(diào)整或纖維，掃描儀變形，菜刀，干涉儀，調(diào)制器。根據(jù)預(yù)應(yīng)力的測(cè)量適用于堆棧器。 多層執(zhí)行器可以在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)各種尺寸。這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涉及“ d33 的驅(qū)動(dòng) 器”，它伸長(zhǎng)的極化方向 并僅限于靜態(tài)和準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)應(yīng)用。目前唯一積極的工作項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的壓電陶瓷似乎是一個(gè)詞匯，獨(dú)立選舉委員會(huì) 6199442。 乙 1CD 壓電和頻率控制和選擇 詞匯 第 42：壓電材料 壓電陶瓷介質(zhì)設(shè)備 。它有一個(gè)技術(shù)報(bào)告的狀態(tài)。在 IEEE發(fā)表的有關(guān)壓電鐵電材料，包括最引述一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 。 多晶陶瓷的性質(zhì)，統(tǒng)計(jì)波動(dòng)的組成和制造過(guò)程的影響，在指定的材料是典型的均值系數(shù)的結(jié)果。這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，可在 UTMR 網(wǎng)站上找到。 多層執(zhí)行器可以在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)各種尺寸。這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涉及“ d33 的驅(qū)動(dòng)器” 它伸長(zhǎng)的極化方向 ， 并僅限于靜態(tài)和準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)應(yīng)用 外文翻譯 10 一個(gè)鐵電的 IEEE 草稿標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 這是對(duì) ferroelctrics 術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義，是由 SusanTrolier 開(kāi)發(fā)的麥金斯特里。 也有一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定將在 UTMR 雖然不清楚這些何種形式將最終公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 在預(yù) VAMAS 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究活動(dòng) 是有組織地稱為技術(shù)委員會(huì)技術(shù)工作區(qū)（第三世界科學(xué)院），這些批準(zhǔn)的指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)和國(guó)際主席領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。其目的是確定在測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn)變異電子陶瓷材料的壓電系數(shù)通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法為貝蘭古方法描述。有一些相關(guān)的多層電容器，包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)環(huán)境影響評(píng)估應(yīng)用指南521 多層陶瓷電容器 。其他議題的壓電性能，電暈，介質(zhì)吸收，可靠性和應(yīng)用廣泛的描述。 國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ ISO）是國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大約 140 個(gè)國(guó)家，每個(gè)國(guó)家有一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的世界性的聯(lián)合會(huì)。 CEN，海事委員會(huì)歐洲語(yǔ)言年的正?；W洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會(huì)），在促進(jìn)與世 界各地的機(jī)構(gòu)和歐洲的合作伙伴一起自愿在歐洲的技術(shù)協(xié)調(diào)。