【正文】 airy than hunter gatherers. Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth. So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods. It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f e to take the place of p. Romans said pater but English speakers (unless they39。 Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must bine sound and meaning, and the meaning can39。. A.classify the forms of noisesC.distinguish meaningful sounds（2）According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language? A.B.C.D. making sounds of f and v is enjoying more cooked foodsB.constantly chewing harder foodsD.. A.food determines our thoughtC.language consists of sound and meaning【答案】 （1）D（2）D（3）A（4）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，人們一直以來(lái)認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是思想的產(chǎn)物，但是有新的研究表明飲食對(duì)于語(yǔ)言也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些影響。同時(shí)這也強(qiáng)調(diào)了人類(lèi)特有的一切都是物質(zhì)和精神的結(jié)合:語(yǔ)言必須把聲音和意義結(jié)合起來(lái)，沒(méi)有真實(shí)的物體，意義就不可能存在或傳播。根據(jù)第一段中的“By the age of one, they can recognize the significant noises around them and group them into a language.”可知一歲的嬰兒和成人相比更能識(shí)別出周?chē)闹匾曇?，故選D。根據(jù)第二段中的“New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet.”可知某些聲音在世界范圍內(nèi)的任意分布，部分可以用飲食來(lái)解釋。故選D。根據(jù)第三段中的“The argument goes that famers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.”可知農(nóng)民比狩獵采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品，即農(nóng)民們發(fā)f和v音的原因是他們喜歡吃更多的熟食。 （4）考查主旨大意。d rather think of language as product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.”可知任何一種語(yǔ)言的誕生都必須同時(shí)具備思想和飲食這兩種因素的影響。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。 Until earlier this year, I didn39。ll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor. After examining me, he said, You actually have bad posture (姿勢(shì)). Go off and learn the Alexander technique. Three months later I could walk straighter and sit better. The technique helps to break the bad habits accumulated over years. Try folding your arms the opposite way to normal. This is an example of a habit the body has formed which can be hard to break. Many of us carry our heads too far back. The head weighs four to six kilos, so any inappropriate posture can cause problems for the body. The technique teaches you to let go of the muscles holding the head back, allowing it to go back to its natural place on the top of our spines. So if you39。She felt no better after the treatment.B.She was sceptical about the doctor39。She was unwilling to seek treatment for her backache.（2）What is the principle of the Alexander technique? A.t be pletely relieved.B.t be bined with other exercises.C.t be attempted alone.D.t be done with much effort.（3）What can we learn about Frederick Alexander? A.He was eager to make a name for himself.C.He had to leave home to develop his technique.（4）What is the main idea of the passage? A.Alexander improved the technique to treat body pain.C.People with back pain are victims of inappropriate postures.【答案】 （1）D（2）D（3）A（4）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹亞歷山大技巧的對(duì)于矯正身體的作用以及其發(fā)明者。根據(jù)第一段中的“I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope they39。 （2）考查推理判斷。 （3）考查推理判斷。亞歷山大，一個(gè)出身于186年的澳大利亞演員，在年輕的時(shí)候聲音出了問(wèn)題。 （4）考查主旨大意。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及推理判斷和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科普類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。 A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金屬彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day. Those surprising results appear in the journal Scientific Reports.s viewed, is favored by everything from birds to beetles and blossoms to butterflies.But iridescence also shows up in situations where reproduction is not an issue. So what we are studying now is whether natural selection imposed by predation(捕食行為) could explain the occurrence of iridescence in prey animals. catching colors could be used as a cover173。t a new one. The father of camouflage theory, Abbott Thayer, really believed that iridescence should be categorized as a camouflage strategy. And he wrote in his famous lifework Concealing173。brilliantly changeable or metallic colors are among the strongest factors in an animal39。. And this sounds like a pletely unreasonable thing to say, because how can colors that are both brilliant and changeable contribute to animal39。 In a similar way, we were asking whether iridescence, due to its changeability, could work as a form of camouflage by preventing shape recognition. Kjernsmo and her colleagues trained bumblebees to associate a particular shape—a circle or an oval—with a sugar reward. And they found that the bees, when given a choice, would preferentially visit the shape they knew to be sweet. But when the shapes were iridescent, the bees had trouble telling them apart. It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfaces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish. As for making use of this method for hiding in plain sight, Any practical applications is of course directly linked to any industry that has an interest in camouflage, that is how to conceal objects or make them more difficult to recognize. The researchers are currently conducting experiments with birds, which often prey on iridescent insects to see if it helps to have a bird39。eye view.（1）According to the passage, iridescence is not made use of by animals to ________. A.B.conceal themselves when in dangercatch sight of