【正文】 refute their 。在接下來的章節(jié)里，你會遇到很多新術(shù)語以及一些熟悉的詞匯，這些術(shù)語和詞匯被經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們用在經(jīng)濟這一領(lǐng)域。 is no , demand, elasticity, parative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s the ing chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized first, this new language may seem needlessly , as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you 。心理學(xué)家談?wù)撟晕?、本能、以及認知的不一致性。第一篇：學(xué)術(shù)英語(社科)Unit2二單元原文及翻譯UNIT 2 Economist field of study has its own language and its own way of talk about axioms, integrals, and vector talk about ego, id, and cognitive talk about venue, torts, and promissory 。數(shù)學(xué)家談?wù)摱ɡ?、積分以及向量空間。律師談?wù)摲缸锏攸c、侵權(quán)行為以及約定的禁止翻供。供給、需求、彈性、比較優(yōu)勢、消費剩余、最低損耗，這些術(shù)語是經(jīng)濟學(xué)語言的一部分。起初，這些新的語言可能看起來不必要的神秘，但是，你會看到，他的價值在于他能提供給你一種新的和有用的思考方式，讓你思考你生活的世界。他們演繹經(jīng)濟學(xué)和物理學(xué)家演繹物質(zhì)、生物學(xué)家演繹生命一樣：他們設(shè)計理論，收集數(shù)據(jù)，然后分析這些數(shù)據(jù)，試圖能夠證明或者反駁他們的理論。畢竟，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們并不和試管或者顯微鏡一起工作。這種觀察的方法運用于研究一個國家的經(jīng)濟，就像它運用于研究地球的重力或者一個物種的演變。 Einstein’s ment is as true for social sciences such as economics as it is for natural sciences such as physics, most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a ’s therefore discuss some of the ways in which economists apply the logic of science to examine how an economy ，就像它對于自然科學(xué)例如物理學(xué)一樣是正確的，大部分人并不習(xí)慣于通過科學(xué)的角度來看待社會。 Newton, the famous seventeenthcentury scientist and mathematician, allegedly became intrigued one day when he saw an apple fall from an apple observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the testing of Newton’s theory has shown that it works well in many circumstances(although, as Einstein would later emphasize, not in all circumstances).Because Newton’s theory has been so successful at explaining observation, it is still taught today in undergraduate physics courses around the ，17世紀著名的科學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家，當有一天看到一個蘋果從樹上掉下時，引起了他的深思。牛頓定律的不斷試驗表明，它適用于很多情況（盡管愛因斯坦后來強調(diào)并不是適用于所有的情況）。 interplay between theory and observation also occurs in the field of economist might live in a country experiencing rapid increases in prices and be moved by this observation to develop a theory of theory might assert that high inflation arises when the government prints too much money.(As you may recall, this was one of the Ten Principles of Economics in Chapter 1.)To test this theory, the economist could collect and analyze data on prices and money from many different growth in the quantity of money were not at all related to the rate at which prices are rising, the economist would start to doubt the validity of his theory of money growth and inflation were strongly correlated in international data, as in fact they are, the economist would bee more confident in his 。這一理論可能宣稱：當政府印制太多貨幣時，高的通貨膨脹就會出現(xiàn)（你可能會想起，這是第一章中十條經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理之一）。如果貨幣量的增長和價格膨脹率根本不相關(guān)，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家就會開始懷疑通貨膨脹理論的正確性。 economists use theory and observation like other scientists, they do face an obstacle that makes their task especially challenging: Experiments are often difficult in studying gravity can drop many objects in their laboratories to generatedata to test their contrast, economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nation’s monetary policy simply to generate useful , like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, usually have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give ，他們確實面臨一個障礙：在經(jīng)濟學(xué)中做試驗往往很困難，這一障礙使他們的工作更具挑戰(zhàn)性。相比之下，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家研究通貨膨脹不可以僅僅為了產(chǎn)生有用的數(shù)據(jù)，而去操縱一個國家的貨幣政策。 find a substitute for laboratory experiments, economists pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by a war in the Middle East interrupts the flow of crude oil, for instance, oil prices skyrocket around the consumers of oil and oil products, such an event depresses living economic policymakers, it poses a difficult choice about how best to for economic scientists, it provides an opportunity to study the effects of a key natural resource on the world’s economies, and this opportunity persists long after the wartime increase in oil prices is this book, therefore, we consider many historical episodes are valuable to study because they give us insight into the economy of the past and, more important, because they allow us to illustrate and evaluate economic theories of the ，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家密切關(guān)注于由歷史提供的自然實驗。對于石油及石油生產(chǎn)品的消費者來說，這樣的一次事件降低了生活水平。但是對于經(jīng)濟科學(xué)家來說，它為重要自然資源對于世界經(jīng)濟的影響的研究提供了一次機會，這次機會持續(xù)很久，直到石油價格增長的戰(zhàn)爭時間結(jié)束。這些歷史事件很值得研究，因為，他們讓我們對過去的經(jīng)濟有了大概的了解，更重要的是因為他們可以讓我們對過去的經(jīng)濟理論進行闡釋和評價。當然，這個假設(shè)是錯誤的。然而物理學(xué)家會指出：空氣對大理石的摩擦力太小以致它的影響可以忽略。 make assumptions for the same reason: Assumptions can make the world easier to study the effects of international trade, for example, we may assume that the world consists of only two countries and that each country produces only two course, the real world consists of dozens of countries, each of which produces thousands of different types of by assuming two countries and two goods, we can focus our we understand international trade in an imaginary world with two countries and two goods, we are in a better position to understand international trade in the more plex world in which we ：假設(shè)能夠使世界更容易理解。當然，現(xiàn)實的世界有很多國家組成，每個國家生產(chǎn)上千種不同的產(chǎn)品。一旦我們理解了假設(shè)中的兩個國家兩種產(chǎn)品的國際交易，那么我們可以更好地理解我們生活的這一更加復(fù)雜的世界的國際交易。the newsstand prices of magazines, for instance, are changed only every few this fact may lead us to make different assumptions when studying the effects of the policy change over different time studying the shortrun effects of the policy, we may assume that prices do not change may even make the extreme and artificial assumpt