【正文】 斷涌現(xiàn)，想要掌握主動(dòng)權(quán)就是掌握信息化的發(fā)展方向，這就需要我們不斷學(xué)習(xí)，時(shí)間，研究，學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，轉(zhuǎn)變自己的技術(shù)，然后融合，創(chuàng)新。國(guó)內(nèi)目前能夠形成比較大規(guī)模的獨(dú)立市場(chǎng)的，肯定是小規(guī)模的軟件系統(tǒng)。中國(guó)的企業(yè)群體，數(shù)量龐大，但是質(zhì)量不高。其次，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)中的消費(fèi)者必須具備足夠的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。而且，軟件工程在企業(yè)范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)行，一定需要企業(yè)資源的支持，要與企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)、決策、管理體系聯(lián)系在一起，才能夠被踏踏實(shí)實(shí)的落實(shí)下來(lái)。針對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)教學(xué)中軟件工程這一薄弱環(huán)結(jié)，結(jié)合目前軟件開(kāi)發(fā)商對(duì)人才的要求，對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行軟件工程強(qiáng)化培訓(xùn)，目的是使畢業(yè)生能夠了解和掌握軟件工程的基本理論和方法，并在實(shí)際軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中運(yùn)用這些方法。主要內(nèi)容包括軟件工程概述、可行性分析、需求分析、概要設(shè)計(jì)、詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)、面向?qū)ο蠓治雠c設(shè)計(jì)、編碼、軟件測(cè)試、項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃與管理。10軟件工程是關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)軟件。對(duì)軟件分析、設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施及維護(hù)的一種系統(tǒng)化方法。6使用與系統(tǒng)化生產(chǎn)和維護(hù)軟件產(chǎn)品有關(guān)之技術(shù)與管理的知識(shí)，使軟件開(kāi)發(fā)與修改可在有限的時(shí)間與費(fèi)用下進(jìn)行。一種知識(shí)或?qū)W科，目標(biāo)是生產(chǎn)品質(zhì)良好、準(zhǔn)時(shí)交貨、符合預(yù)算，滿足用戶所需的軟件。應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)化，遵從原則，可被計(jì)量的方法來(lái)發(fā)展、操作及維護(hù)軟件；也就是把工程應(yīng)用到軟件上。近10 年內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)經(jīng)歷寬帶化、移動(dòng)化和三網(wǎng)融合將走向基于 Ipv6 的下一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，2010 年 1 月，國(guó)家 863 計(jì)劃信息技術(shù)領(lǐng)域辦公室和國(guó)家 863 計(jì)劃信息技術(shù)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜医M，在上海舉辦“信息物理融合系統(tǒng) CPS發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略論壇”，提出“信息物理融合系統(tǒng) CPS 是一個(gè)綜合計(jì)算、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和物理環(huán)境的多維復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)，是信息和物理世界的深度的融合交互，可實(shí)現(xiàn)大型工程系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)感知、動(dòng)態(tài)控制和信息服務(wù)，使系統(tǒng)更加可靠、高效與實(shí)時(shí)協(xié)同，使得人類(lèi)物理現(xiàn)實(shí)和虛擬邏輯逐步融合，具有重要而廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。每一次重大的技術(shù)變革都會(huì)引起企業(yè)間、產(chǎn)業(yè)間甚至國(guó)家間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局的重大變化，也促進(jìn)了軟件技術(shù)與軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)的重大變革與發(fā)展。預(yù)計(jì)今后 20~30 年是信息科學(xué)技術(shù)的變革突破期，可能導(dǎo)致 21 世紀(jì)下半葉一場(chǎng)新的信息技術(shù)革命。軟件技術(shù)是信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的核心之一，軟件技術(shù)的發(fā)展是與信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展互相促進(jìn)的。它涉及到程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、軟件開(kāi)發(fā)工具、系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、設(shè)計(jì)模式等方面。正文：軟件工程是研究和應(yīng)用如何以系統(tǒng)性的、規(guī)范化的、可定量的過(guò)程化方法去開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)軟件，以及如何把經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)間考驗(yàn)而證明正確的管理技術(shù)和當(dāng)前能夠得到的最好的技術(shù)方法結(jié)合起來(lái)的學(xué)科。由于電子計(jì)算機(jī)功效的飛躍性發(fā)展，應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)和生活的各個(gè)方面，直接和顯著地提高了生產(chǎn)、工作和生活的效率、節(jié)奏和水平，在軟科學(xué)研究和應(yīng)用中它也起著關(guān)鍵作用，因此它已被公認(rèn)是現(xiàn)代技巧的神經(jīng)中樞，是未來(lái)信息社會(huì)的心臟和錄魂。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)是世界各發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)度劇烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的科學(xué)技巧領(lǐng)域之一。ponent diagram。state diagram。sequence diagram。object graph。 maintenance。Whitebox testing method, according to the internal structure of the program under test design test usual practice is to use black box method the basic design of the test program, and then add some whitebox method program.● Software testing test case design is a central a program to use multiple test cases, and each test case should include a set of test data and a corresponding expected test results.● Black box testing method in the three mon techniques: equivalence division method, boundary value analysis, error guessing(guessing)method.● ● operation ● Software Reliability: It is a program, in accordance with the provisions of the specification the probability of a successful run in a given time interval.● ● Software Maintenance: Software operation phase of the software product modifications is The type of software maintenance: improving maintenance。module independence.● ● The basic software design experience: Module independence, low coupling, high cohesion, The difference between testing and debugging: Test is to find errors in the program and program public by locating and correcting errors, eliminate software failures, to ensure reliable operation of the program.● ● Types of tests: According to test whether the actual application environment to points, there are Test methods: Black box testing method, according to the program39。abstract。(3)to given the system39。Software Maintenance.● ● software process models: software development model is the whole process of software Waterfall model is that the life cycle model, proposed by the BMBoehm , it is the basis for development, software development activities and structural framework of the relationship between engineering core idea is to simplify the problem by process, implementation and design of functional separation, to facilitate division of use of structured analysis and design methods, the logical and physical implementation to achieve model emphasizes the role of the document and asked each stage must be carefully verified.● ● ● ● Rapid prototyping model: to achieve the customer or a future user interaction with the development: increments and iterations(repeated increments).Spiral model: the bination of the waterfall model and rapid prototyping Agile methods: Agile development is a peoplecentered, iterative, incremental development emphasized the neglect of other risk analysis models, especially for large plex agile development, software project build was cut into several subprojects, each subproject results are tested, with the integration and operation other words, it is to a large project into multiple interrelated, but small projects can be run independently, and were this process, the software has been in a usable condition.● Feasibility study: pression simplified systems analysis and design process, that is to say ahigher level in a more abstract approach to the design solve the problem, but the problem is solvable and determine whether it is worthwhile solution.● ● System flow chart is a traditional tools of depicting the physical is expressed in the Structured method of analysis using data flow diagrams and data dictionary to core data flow between the various ponents in the system, rather than the data processing control is simple deposition of the problem, said the physical and logical separation of data and logic of the system , structural analysis is streamoriented topdown stepwise refinement, a needs analysis.● Data flow diagram(DFD): describe the flow of information and data move from input to output in the process of change experienced.● Data Dictionary(DD)effect: the software provides a definition of each data entry in order to maintain the consistency of the data in the system.● ER diagram have three core constructs: An entity: depicted as a rectangle, represents a collection of realworld objects that have mon properties and relationship: depicted as an edge between two entities, with diamond in the middle of the edge specifying the type of attribute: an annotation on an entity that describes data or properties associated with the entity.● The tasks of requirements analysis: requirements analysis work to be done indepth description of software functionality and performance, to determine the limits of software design and software interface with other system elements in detail ,to define the validity of the other software general, the needs analysis phase of the mission and work: 1 , to determine the plex requirements of the system.(1)functional requirements(2)performance requirements(3)operational requirements(4)possible future expansion requirements(5)reliability and availability requirements(6), error handling an