【正文】 w order. Some little were retained , like laoshi 老師 , teacher, zhuren 主任 , director and shifu, master 師傅 . In the sense of master, that includes skilled workers as machinists 第 10 頁(yè) 共 24 頁(yè) and carpenters. Tongzhi can be used alone to address someone, or with name or another title: Tongzhi (title alone) rade. For example, Zhang Tongzhi (surname and title) Comrade Zhang. Zhang jianguo Tongzhi (full name and title) Comrade Zhang jianguo. They are all the right way to address him. It is also possible to use tongzhi with a first name, especially between newly acquainted persons of equal standing in formal letters and from superiors to inferiors. During the Culture Revolution of 19661976, some supervisory positions were eliminated and their functions were taken over by revolutionary mittees. Workers were moved to professional positions while professional people were sent to work in factories. This led to considerable increase in the use of shifu, master crafsman, because the virtue of working people was being emphasized and because working people were of responsibility. Tongzhi is also used to an addressee whose ocupation is known, but does not have a title. Recently, the use of Tongzhi has been sharply decreasing. Tongzhi might be used in writing and to address strangers, especially in the northern part of China, to use Tongzhi to address someone you know now seems unnecessary formal to many Chinese people. What’s more, men who are homosexual can often be addressed as Tongzhi. The most obvious point lies in social factors language is in the selection of respect and humility words. Chinese has traditionally used language that is more respectful than that used for people of one’s own generation or of lower status. Certain terms or expressions of respect are used: Nin 您 refers to higher status one and elder generation。 關(guān)鍵詞 ： 稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)；比較；社會(huì)文化影響 第 IV 頁(yè) 共 24 頁(yè) Contents Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………….. …I Abstract …..………………………………………………………….……………..II 摘 要 ……….……………………………….………………….……………….…III Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………………………….… .……........1 Literature Review ………………………..……… ………… .…….....1 The Significance of the Research ………………………………...….. 1 Organization of this Paper…………………………… .…………....... 2 Chapter 2 Differences in Kinship Terms ...…………………………………....….. 3 Divisions of Kinship Terms……………..………………………..… ...3 The Difference by Patriarchal and NonPartriarch……………… 4 Difference of Paternal and Maternal Kinship Terms…………… 4 Divisions by Elderyounger Relation and Seniority Order inthe Clan… .…………..… ...…………..………………………..… ...5 of Kinship Terms ………………..…………… ...6 Chapter 3 Difference in Social Address Forms ………..……………………....…. 8 Universal in Englishspeaking Countries……………………....…… .. 8 More Complicated Address Forms in Chinese Society … … … .9 Reasons of the Difference in Address Forms. .… ………... .…. 11 Historical Reasons … ………..…….. ..........................................12 of Friendship……… ……………...……………… ..12 Chapter 4 Conclusion …………………………………..………………………... 13 Works Cited ..………………………………………...……………………………..1 4 安徽師范大學(xué)皖江學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū) ………………… 15 安徽師范大學(xué)皖江學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)定意見(jiàn) …………………… 17 安徽師范大學(xué)皖江學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文 (設(shè)計(jì) )答辯記錄 ……………………… 18 第 1 頁(yè) 共 24 頁(yè) A Brief Study on the Differences and Cultural Factors of English and Chinese Address Term Chapter 1 Introduction According to the view of linguistic formation and development, Professor Chang, in Language and culture, believes that there is very close relationship in society contexts (34). For the same word, people of different culture backgrounds may have different impressions or understandings. Language is the presentation of culture. Without knowledge of culture, it is difficult to learn language well. Obviously, We intend to use culture in order to function in a particular society. Therefore, “culture is a system of symbol, and language is only one element of the symbolic system in this work. And it is obviously that one should think of language in culture and not just of language and culture” (Chang 90). Literature Review Professor Hu in Shanghai Transport University study in this field by making some parison of the taboo of the address forms between Chinese and English society. From the aspect of social linguistic, Shang Ting, doctor of Zhong Nan University, has done some research on it and made some progress in this field. The Significance of the Research In a word, human beings do not live in the world alone. With the help of language, People can understand their past, present and future. Address term is a word or a bination of words people use in addressing each other in verbal munication. It shows the role people play in munication, suggesting 第 2 頁(yè) 共 24 頁(yè) interpersonal relationships between them. Every language and culture has its own system of address terms. The Chinese and English address terms systems e into being under different cultural backgrounds and the disparities of the two systems are inevitable. Organization of this Paper This thesis adopts the parative way to study Chinese and English address terms, including kinship terms, social address terms (nonkinship terms), selection of respect and honorific words and further analysis of reasons of such differences. 第 3 頁(yè) 共 24 頁(yè) Chapter 2 Differences in Kinship Terms Language is the carrier of culture. kinship term is not only a part of language but also a kind of culture. Kinship systems are a universal feature of language. They are the lexically identical terms and unique terminological systems labeled with a distinctive social and cultural nature. In different societies and cultures, t