【正文】 t(A)there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force(B)unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness(C)recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers(D)a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship(E)there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving ine transfers on the ine level of lowine people is often not felt by(A)the employed poor(B)dependent children in singleearner families(C)workers who bee disabled(D)retired workers(E)fulltime workers who bee unemployed to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A)recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of lowwage workers(B)possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C)fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D)establishment of a system of recordkeeping that makes it possible to pile poverty statistics(E)prevalence, among lowwage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed conclusion stated in lines 3339 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that(A)in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long(B)the capacity for selfsupport depends on receiving moderatetohigh wages(C)those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed parttime workers and those not actively seeking work(D)at different times during the year, different people are unemployed(E)many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?(A)A shortterm increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.(B)For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.(C)Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.(D)The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.(E)Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are peting with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of ：EDBC BADEAModern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced ponents to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items(a practice known as backward integration)and buying from independent who integrate may reap shortterm rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and ponents are modities(ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts , because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and costeffective ways of making ponents, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active panyfor example, a producer of sophisticated consumer pany that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are , when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced ponents, the resulting demands on its resources may promise its ability to assemble these ponents successfully into end contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without promising a pany’s ability to , moving away from backward integration is not a plete solution innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of ponents to invest huge sums in research and resulting low profit margins on the sale of ponents threaten the longterm financial stability of these the ability of endproduct assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of ponents, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of ponents just to keep their suppliers in to Sample GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:(A)improvement in the management of overhead expenses(B)enhancement of profit margins on sales of ponents(C)simplification of purchasing and marketing operations(D)reliability of a source of necessary ponents(E)elimination of unnecessary research efforts to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important ponent of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same ponent may(A)withhold technological innovations from the assembler(B)experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products(C)lower their prices to protect themselves from petition(D)suffer finanical difficluties and go out of business(E)stop developing new versions of the ponent of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?(A)The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.(B)A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier i