【正文】 d shopping streets 商業(yè)街visual cues 視覺暗示be broken down into 分為informatory signs指示標志opening or humped back bridges 曲面橋Roadworks 道路施工important places of interest 重要的名勝古跡heritage sites 遺產(chǎn)型景區(qū)census points 調(diào)查報告點第二篇：交通工程專業(yè)英語第一章We live in a plex and rapidly developing ,the problems that traffic engineers are involved in evolve congestion has been a major issue for many the transportation demand cycle,it is not always possible to solve congestion problems through expansion of engineers therefore are involve in the development of programs and strategies to manage demand in both time and space and to discourage growth where necessary,a real question is not “how much capacity is needed to handle demand? ”but rather“how many vehicles and/or people can be allowed to enter congestedareas within designated time periods?”Growth management is a major current number of states have legislation that ties development permits to levelofservice impacts on the highway and transportiaton development will cause substantial deterioration in the quality of traffic service ,either such development will be disallowed or the developer will be responsible for general highway and traffic improvement that mitigate these negative policies are more easily dealt with in good economic the economy is sluggish,the issue will often be a clash between the desire to reduce congestion and the desire to encourage development as a means of increasing the tax of existing highway facilities also causes unique entire interstate system has been aging,and many of its facilities have required major reconstruction of the problem isthat reconstruction of interstate facilities receives the 90%federal subsidy,while routine maintenance on the same facility is primarily the responsibility of state and local routine maintenance on these facilities in favor of major reconstruction efforts has resulted from federal funding policies over the reconstruction efforts have a substantial major burden not involved in the initial construction of these facilities maintaining is easier to bulid a new facility in a dedicated rightofway than to rebuild it while continuing to serve 100000 or more vehicles per ,is issues of longterm and shortterm construction detours as well as the diversion of traffic to alternate routes require major planning by traffic ,the issue of security of transportation facilities has e to the creation of facilities and processes for random and systematic inspection of trucks and other vehicles at critical locations is a major challenges ,as is securing major public transportation systems such as railroad ,airport and rapid transit list goes on and point is that traffic engineers cannot expect to practice their profession only in traditional ways on traditional ways on traditional any professional,the traffic engineer must be ready to face current problems and to play an important role in anysituation that involves transportation and/or traffic In order to remain up to date and aware the traffic engineer must keep up with modern developments through membership and participation in professional organizations ,regular review or key periodicals,and an awareness of the latest standards and criteria for professional professional organizations for the traffic engineer include the institute of transportation engineer(ITE),the transportation research board(TRB),the transportation group of the American society of Civi engineers(ASCE),ITS America,and of these provide literature and maintain journals,and have local,regional,and national is a branch of the national Academy of engineering and is a major source o research papers and many engineering fields the traffic engineering profession has many manuals and standard references ,most of which will be referred to in the chapter of this references includeTraffic engineering handbook[1]Uniform vehicle code and model traffic ordinance[2]Manual on uniform traffic control devices [3]Highway capacity manual[4]A policy on geometric design of highways an streets(the AASHTO Green Book)[5]A few of these have had major update and revisions since 2000,including references ,1,3,4 and standards such as these are updated frequently,usually on a 5or10years cycle,and the traffic engineer must be aware of how changes in standards,criteria,methodology,and other aspect will affect the practice of the manuals abound and often relate to specific aspects if traffic references document the current state of the art in traffic engineering,and those most frequently used should be part of the professional39。s personal are also a wide variety of i