【正文】 nvironment uncertainty. ? Example: improved collaboration between engineering and production. 4/2/2023 50 Business Process Reengineering Collaboration Enhancement: High Mediation Reduction: High ? Strategic Path: Follow path Z to enhance collaboration and reduce mediation simultaneously. ? Process Characteristics: The degree of mediation can be reduced to simplify it. The collaboration is insufficient and can be enhanced to handle the uncertainty encountered. ? Typical Candidates: Process with plicated steps attached. Complex operational processes in an environment of increasing uncertainty. ? Example: Improved process of new product development: collaboration was enhanced by IT, and mediation level reduced by team work. 4/2/2023 51 Business Process Reengineering 靜夜四無(wú)鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 ? JIT : Visibility, Kanban。 Business philosophy parisons 4/2/2023 22 Business Process Reengineering ?Techniques: ? BPR : Process maps, benchmarking, self assessment, creative thinking。 4/2/2023 21 Business Process Reengineering ?Process focus: ? BPR : create better processes from a ‘ clean sheet’ or systematic design。 ? JIT : initiator of action, pulls production。 ? CE : process based (product development) 4/2/2023 20 Business Process Reengineering Business philosophy parisons ?Customer focus: ? BPR : outes driven。 ? TQM : not change anizational structure, with mon goals, across functions。 ? CE : radical improvement。 ? TQM : continuous improvement。 ? CE: new product development, reducing time to market, increasing quality。 4/2/2023 16 Business Process Reengineering What is BPR ? BPR is an improvement philosophy. It aims to achieve step improvements in performance by redesigning the processes through which an anization operates, maximizing their valueadded content and minimizing everything else. This process can be at an individual process level or to the whole anization. ? Critical analysis ? radical redesign of existing business process ? achieving breakthrough in performance measures 4/2/2023 17 Business Process Reengineering Business philosophy parisons ?Focus ? BPR: process, minimizing of non value added activities。 ? Operational processes are those by which the ani zation carries out its regular daytoday functions, such as sales, order entrain, scheduling, production… 。 ?But, in the 21st century sustainable petitive advantage will e more out of new process technologies and much less out of new products technologies。 ? A process with a broad scope is likely to cross a number of functions or department。 ? made up of a sequence of tasks through which this input passes to bee an output 4/2/2023 11 Business Process Reengineering Value Chain Model of M. Porter Company Infrastructure Human resources Technology Development Procurement Support Activities Primary Activities Inbound Logistics Operations Marketing Sales Outbound Logistics Customer Service Valueadding Activities 4/2/2023 12 Business Process Reengineering Scale and Scope of Process ?The scale of the process depends on what it is performing, which could be a very simple set of tasks or a highly plex set of interrelated activities。 ? Getting rid of all these unnecessary steps means quicker customer service at considerably lower cost. ? Doing this usually cuts across the functional department. 4/2/2023 8 Business Process Reengineering Process Oriented Approach RD BPR emphasizes a “ process” view which cuts across the functional hierarchies to reach the customer. Production Sales Customer 4/2/2023 9 Business Process Reengineering What process focus means A process focus means looking at the way a customer order is fulfilled, a new product created, or a marketing plan developed, without concern for functional boundaries or specialization. 4/2/2023 10 Business Process Reengineering What is a process ?Process: A continuous and regular action or succession of actions, taking place or carried on in a definite manner, and leading to the acplishment of some result。 ? It is difficult to identify why some steps exist at all。 ?No single point of contact。 4/2/2023 6 Business Process Reengineering The Weaknesses ?The focus of the anization can be the ‘ boss’ not the customer。 ?taking the latest thinking in particular areas into the anization。 ?This chain of linked department allows for specialization。Basis of BPR What is BPR ? What the term BPR means? ? Where it has e from? ? What distinguishes it from other management philosophies? ? Why it has captured the imagination of so many manager