【正文】 n help managers cope with uncertainty 6 Use CVP analysis to plan costs 3 5 Learning Objectives 7 Apply CVP analysis to a multiproduct pany 8 Distinguish between contribution margin and gross margin 9 Adapt CVP analysis to multiple cost driver situations 3 6 Learning Objective 1 Understand basic costvolumeprofit (CVP) assumptions 3 7 CostVolumeProfit Assumptions and Terminology 1 Changes in the level of revenues and costs arise only because of changes in the number of product (or service) units produced and sold. 2 Total costs can be divided into a fixed ponent and a ponent that is variable with respect to the level of output. 3 8 CostVolumeProfit Assumptions and Terminology 3 When graphed, the behavior of total revenues and total costs is linear (straightline) in relation to output units within the relevant range (and time period). 4 The unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs are known and constant. 3 9 CostVolumeProfit Assumptions and Terminology 5 The analysis either covers a single product or assumes that the sales mix when multiple products are sold will remain constant as the level of total units sold changes. 6 All revenues and costs can be added and pared without taking into account the time value of money. 3 10 CostVolumeProfit Assumptions and Terminology n Operating ine = Total revenues from operations – Cost of goods sold and operating costs (excluding ine taxes) n Net Ine = Operating ine + Nonoperating revenues (such as interest revenue) – Nonoperating costs (such as interest cost) – Ine taxes 3 11 Learning Objective 2 Explain essential features of CVP analysis 3 12 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n Assume that Dresses by Mary can purchase dresses for $32 from a local factory。 other variable costs amount to $10 per dress. n Because she plans to sell these dresses overseas, the local factory allows Mary to return all unsold dresses and receive a full $32 refund per dress within one year. 3 13 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n Mary can use CVP analysis to examine changes in operating ine as a result of selling different quantities of dresses. n Assume that the average selling price per dress is $70 and total fixed costs amount to $84,000. n How much revenue will she receive if she sells 2,500 dresses? 3 14 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n 2,500 $70 = $175,000 n How much variable costs will she incur? n 2,500 $42 = $105,000 n Would she show an operating ine or an operating loss? n An operating loss n $175,000 – 105,000 – 84,000 = ($14,000) 3 15 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n The only numbers that change are total revenues and total variable cost. n Total revenues – total variable costs = Contribution margin n Contribution margin per unit = selling price – variable cost per unit n What is Mary’ s contribution margin per unit? 3 16 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n $70 – $42 = $28 contribution margin per unit n What is the total contribution margin when 2,500 dresses are sold? n 2,500 $28 = $70,000 3 17 Essentials of CostVolumeProfit (CVP) Analysis n Contribution margin percentage (contribution margin ratio) is the contribution margin per unit divided by the selling price. n What is Mary’ s contribution margin percentage? n $28 247。 $28 n Q = 3,000 units 3 26 Contribution Margin Method n With the contribution margin method, breakeven is calculated by using the following relationship: n (USP – UVC) Q = FC + OI n UCM Q = FC + OI n Q = FC + OI 247。 $28 = 3,000 units 3 27 Contribution Margin Method n Using the contribution margin percentage, what is the breakeven point for Dresses by