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that assist initiation ? function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter An enhancer in the virus SV40 It contains two identical sequences of 72 bp each, repeated in tandem ~200 bp upstream of the startpoint of a transcription unit. Each 72 bp repeat contains a copy of the enhancer 4. RNA processing ? mRNA processing ? 5’ Capping ? 3’ Cleavage and polyadenylation ? Splicing ? PremRNA methylation ? mRNA editing Splicing Splicing The ends of nuclear introns are defined by the GTAG rule. (GTAG rule). Splicing occurs in two stages, in which the 5’ exon is separated and then is joined to the 3’ exon. 5’ Capping cap 0: in all eukaryotes。 the most cellular RNA synthesis. Did not inhibited by aamanitin RNA polymerase II: in nucleoplasm , heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcription (the precursor for mRNA). inhibited by low concentrations of aamanitin. RNA polymerase III: a minor enzyme activity. in nucleoplasm。Chapter 5 . Transcription RNA Processing in Eukaryotic cells 1. RNA polymerase: 3 types RNA polymerase I: in nucleolus。 rRNA transcription。 tRNAs and other small RNAs (5S r