【正文】 廣泛得多?！埃ㄋ^）線性工作指的是放大器以很小的失真或無失真地放大信號的能力。又如：“把它們從電路中去掉的話，就可以節(jié)省許多費用。如：“磁鐵能吸引鐵質(zhì)物質(zhì)，這是大家所熟悉的一種現(xiàn)象。（1）the ratio of A to Bthe effect [influence] of A on [upon] Bthe relationship of A to Bthe distance of A from Bthe advantage of A over B（2）the variation of A with Bthe interaction of A with Bthe passage of A through Bthe projection of A on [upon] Bthe motion of A round [around] Bthe response of A to Bthe dependence of A on [upon] Bthe deviation of A from B（3）the parison of A with Bthe transformation of A to [into] Bthe use of A as Bthe exposure of A to Bthe separation of A from (into) Bthe definition of A as Bthe resolution of A into B句型（sentence patterns） 英國的科技英語專家說，英美科學家和科技人員喜歡使用一些特定的句型?！睂懗闪恕癋ig. 1 draws the case of output varying with input.”而應(yīng)該寫成“Fig. 1 shows the variation of output with input.”有人寫成“Fig. 1 shows how the output varies with the input.”“解這個方程的必要條件”寫成了“the necessary conditions of solving this equation”而一般用“the necessary conditions for solving this equation”來表示的。”寫成了“Radio waves travel toward all directions.”而應(yīng)該為“Radio waves travel in all directions.”“把激光束射向月球。詞匯搭配（word collocations） 這是相當難掌握的內(nèi)容，它涉及到名詞（前后）與介詞的固定搭配、形容詞與介詞的搭配、動詞與名詞的搭配等等，希望讀者在閱讀英美科技書刊時要特別留意，并且應(yīng)該摘記下來，以便在撰寫論文時加以套用。如：“實驗結(jié)果”寫成了“experiment results”，而英美人習慣用“experimental results”；“理論分析”寫成了“theory analysis”而應(yīng)該用“theoretical analysis”；“中期報告”寫成了“middle report”而應(yīng)該用“interim report”； “電流是用安培來度量的?！盩he sizes of these devices are quite different. (正確)These devices differ greatly in size. (地道)“這個儀器的特點是體積小、重量輕。比如：“這臺機器的體積很小。一、單句寫作（這是最重要的，因為單句寫好了，就可以與外國人進行交流了。最關(guān)鍵的是要學好語法，它是寫作的基礎(chǔ)（博士生們體會比較深，一般同學對語法是不重視的，所以寫出的句子錯誤百出）。 “科技英語寫作講座” 寫作和翻譯是實踐性極強的行為，1991年9月，我們在北大研討“英語專業(yè)高年級教學大綱”時，全國英語專業(yè)教學指導委員會委員、華東師大英語系的黃源深教授指出：寫作和翻譯沒多少理論好講的，寫作就是讓學生寫、翻譯就是讓學生翻。 今天我只能從大的方面講幾條應(yīng)該注意的地方。你們剛由各系的專業(yè)老師根據(jù)我的教案給大家講過了科技英語語法的核心內(nèi)容，只要掌握了那些內(nèi)容，寫出的句子一般問題就不大了。）首先語法和詞匯一定要正確，否則外國人是看不懂的；然后努力做到地道?！盩he volume of this machine is very small.The size of this machine is very small. (正確)This machine is very small in size. (地道)同樣，“這些設(shè)備體積很不相同?！盩he features of this instrument are small size and light weight. (正確)This instrument is characterized by its small size and light weight. (地道)*** 一些博士生及教授投到國外的論文，評閱人的意見往往是：“What is described in your paper is . But your English is pretty poor. Please improve it. […, please rewrite the paper entirely.]”“(Your) English is very bad. Not only the wording, but the sentence structure is sometimes hard to follow. IT MUST be reedited seriously!”論文中的句子經(jīng)常出錯的主要方面：用詞（wording） 有些同志只是想到或在詞典中查到一個詞就往上寫，結(jié)果不符合英美人的習慣，甚至誤解了中文的原意?！睂懗闪恕癈urrent is measured with ampere.”而應(yīng)該寫成“Current is measured in amperes.”等等。如：“無線電波朝四面八方傳播?！睂懗闪恕癓aser beams are emitted to the moon.”而應(yīng)該為“Laser beams are emitted at the moon.” “圖1畫出了輸出隨輸入的變化情況?！盀榱颂岣呶覀儺a(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量”寫成了“in order to raise the equality of our products”而應(yīng)該寫成“in order to improve the quality of our products”，等等。這些一般屬于書面語言，同樣，讀者在閱讀科技書刊時要留意并把它們記錄下來用到自己所寫的論文中去?！睂懗闪恕癕agnets attract iron materials, and this is a familiar phenomenon which is familiar to all.”從語法上講，這個英文句子并沒有錯誤，可是顯得很松散而嚕蘇，英美科技人員喜歡把它寫成“Magnets attract iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.”這里，用了一個名詞短語作前面整個句子的同位語來代替了由“and”連接的一個并列分句?！睂懗闪恕癐f they are eliminated from the circuit, considerable savings can be obtained.”同樣這個句子沒有任何語法錯誤，可是英美科技工作者喜歡把這兩個分句合成一句話“Their elimination from the circuit results in considerable savings.”這樣句子變得很緊湊，用一個作主語的名詞短語來代替了一個條件狀語從句?！盉y linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion.“這就是人們所說的針灸。如“我們想要把這個函數(shù)展開成傅氏級數(shù)。又如：“當時人們認識到了光是一種電磁波。句子比較冗長 由于敘述科技概念，所以不少情況下句子中修飾語比較多，因而句子就比較長（理論性越強，句子一般越復雜），其方法是使用各類從句或短語。）如：“本文論述了一種新的算法，它能夠減少計算量?！北粚懗伞癟his paper introduces a new CAD method and emphasis is put on its basic principles.”我們可以把它改寫成“This paper introduces a new CAD method, with emphasis on its basic principles.”在可能的情況下，應(yīng)該使句子簡練 其方法是用各種短語（名詞短語、形容詞短語、分詞短語、with結(jié)構(gòu)、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等等）來代替從句?！睂懗伞癐f Eq. (2 – 1) is substituted in Eq. (2 – 5), we can obtain the following expression.”從語法上講這個句子并沒有錯，可是英美科技人員基本上是不用它的，一般應(yīng)寫成“Substituting Eq. (2 – 1) into Eq. (2 – 5), we obtain the following expression.”或進一步精煉成“Substituting [或：Substitution of] Eq. (2 – 1) into Eq. (2 – 5) yields [gives。 results in?！痹谄胀ㄓ⒄Z中一般被寫成“Because puters are accurate in operation and high in speed, they are widely used in every field.”但在科技文中通常把這個句子改寫成 “Accurate in operation and high in speed, puters are widely used in every field.”這里用一個形容詞短語代替了一個原因狀語從句，這樣本句就從一個主從復合句變成了一個簡單句了?！北粚懗伞癆 capacitor is a device which consists of two conductors that are separated by a nonconductor.”而所有英美科技書籍中把本句寫成“A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by a nonconductor.”這里用兩個分詞短語代替了兩個定語從句，這樣整個句子成為一個簡單句了。） 下面我們先練一下單句的寫法（用英語語法分析一下漢語句子，然后用正確的英語句型來表達）：（1）本文對其性能（performance）作了初步的（initial）分析。 This puter stores four times more information than that one.（3）這個電路的工作情況（operation）類似于圖110的電路。 The hotter a body (is), the more energy it will radiate, a fact [something] that is very useful in engineering.（5）（所謂）彈性（elasticity）指的是物體形變（deform）后恢復其原狀的趨勢（tendency）。 Among [One of] the most important achievements was the realization that mercury is a metal.（7）這主要是由于地球并不是球面狀（spherical）而引起的（due to）。 What are called the three elements of a force play an important role in our study of mechanics.（9）沒有人了解我們稱之為生命的那個特征（characteristic）。 This depends on the ease with which a current flows.介詞的選擇標準：A：從句中動詞、形容詞、名詞所要求的。C：整個句子的含義所要求的。值得一提的一點是，一切物體可能經(jīng)受（undergo）最一般