【正文】 。s where access to public transportation es in. Either...um...either the designers plan to locate the mall near a central transportation hub, like a bus terminal, a major train or subway station, or they work with city officials to create sufficient parking areas, not too far from the mall, which makes sense because if people can39。s start with the location. In choosing a specific location for a pedestrian mall, there are in fact two considerations: proximity to potential customers, um...that39。m sure you can see how having an area that39。s a pretty simple concept really. It39。 not that many people live there. So what have city planners decided to do about it? Well, one way they39。ll stop by the education department office this afternoon.ProfessorAnd if you have any trouble or any more questions, feel free to e by during my office hours.Lecture 1 已整理NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a city planning class. ProfessorIn the last 50 years or so, many American cities have had difficulty in maintaining a successful retail environment. Business owners in the city centers or the downtown areas have experienced some financial losses, because of a city movement of people out of the cities and into the suburbs. In general, downtown areas just don39。s fine. You’ll note that in your paper. See, your paper should pare what is expected of children at certain stages of development with what you actually observed.StudentOk. I have one more question now.ProfessorAnd what39。s perspective.ProfessorUm…Hmm...StudentBut what if she doesn’t? I mean, what if she doesn39。s right. In addition, her thinking would be primarily egocentric.StudentSo she39。s Stages of Cognitive Development we covered those in class.StudentAha...ProfessorAnd most likely, what stage would a child of that age be in?StudentUm... the preoperational stage?ProfessorExactly. If that39。s parent of course, and then observe that child a couple of times and take good notes. Then?ProfessorActually after your first observation, you39。ll write a paper that39。s a start, but you39。TPO13 ListeningSection 1 Conversation 1 已整理NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and his psychology professor. ProfessorGood afternoon, Alex! Can I help you with something? StudentWell, I wanted to talk with you about the research project you assigned today. I um... hope you could clarify a few things for me.ProfessorI39。ll certainly try.StudentOK. All we have to do is do two observations and take notes on them, right? ProfessorUr, that39。ll need to do some research, too. Then you39。s not so much about the observations, but a synthesis of what you have observed and read.StudentOK, and what about the children I’m supposed to observe? ProfessorNot children, a single child observed twice. StudentOh...ok, so I should choose a child with the permission of the child39。ll go back and look through your textbook or go to the library and find a few sources concerning the stage of development this particular child is in. And then, with that knowledge, you’ll make a second observation of the same child to see if the expected developmental behaviors are exhibited.StudentCan you give me an example?ProfessorWell, um, if you observed a 4yearold child, for example, my daughter is 4 years old, you might read up on Piaget39。s the case, her language use would be maturing and her memory and imagination would be developed.StudentSo she might play pretend, like she can pretend when driving her toy car across the couch that the couch is actually a bridge or something.ProfessorThat39。d be thinking mostly about herself and her own needs, and might not be able to see things from anyone else39。t demonstrate those behaviors?ProfessorThat39。s that?StudentWhere can I find a child to observe? ProfessorUm, I suggest you contact the education department secretary. She has a list of contacts at various schools and with certain families who are somehow connected to the university. Sometimes they are willing to help out students with projects like yours.StudentOk, I39。t have that many residential areas。ve e up with some ways to attract more people to shop downtown was by creating pedestrian malls. Now, what is a pedestrian mall? It39。s essentially an outdoor shopping area designed just for people on foot. And...well unlike many other shopping malls that are built in the suburbs nowadays, these pedestrian malls are typically located in the downtown area of the city. And now they have features like white sidewalks, fortable outdoor seating and maybe even fountains and, you know, art. There are variations on this model of course, but the mon denominator is always the idea of creating a shopping space that will get people to shop in the city without needing their cars. So I39。s offlimits to automobile traffic would be ideal for a heavily populated city, where, well, the streets would otherwise be bustling with noisy, unpleasant traffic congestion.Now the concept which originated in Europe was adopted by American city planners in the late 1950s. And since then, a number of Unites States cities have created pedestrian malls. And many of them have been highly successful. So what have city planners learned about making these malls succeed?Well, there are two critical factors to consider when creating a pedestrian mall location and design, both of which are equally important. Now let39。s what we would call a customer base, and accessibility to public transportation, which we will get to in just a moment.Now, for a customer base, the most obvious example would be a large office building since the employees could theoretically go shopping after work or during their lunch hour, right? Another really good example is a convention center, which typically has a hotel and large meeting spaces to draw visitors to the city for major business conferen