chapter1-invitation-to-linguistics--英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)-展示頁(yè)
2025-08-02 09:35本頁(yè)面
【正文】 vels. at the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. but the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Two basic systems: a system of sounds 。 they are associated with objects, actions, ideas,etc. by convention a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. Language is Primarily Vocal All languages use sounds. Writing is based on speaking, to capture sounds and meanings on paper. The primary medium of language is sound. Why? Five reasons: 1. Children learn to speak before they learn to read and write. 2. Children automatically learn a language as they grow months 12 yrs : sufficient exposure to writing: not natural, needs teachers 3. The spoken form came earlier than written form in history. 4. writing is based on speech. 5. Spoken language is used more often than writing. Implied Meaning : 1. Writing extends language beyond the limitations of time and space. 2. Written language is more polished than speech, . classical Latin amp。 a system of vocal sounds and binations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or munication of thoughts and feelings。 ? convention? actual use abstract ? concete stable ? variable Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用 ? The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. ? petence( 語(yǔ)言能力 ): a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.(一個(gè)語(yǔ)言使用者關(guān)于語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)規(guī)則的基本理解 .) performance(語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用 ): the actual use of language in concrete situations. (指在具體場(chǎng)景中語(yǔ)言的真實(shí)使用 .) Saussure： sociological view underlying linguistic system→ convention （ 規(guī)約 ） Chomsky： psychological view underlying linguistic system→ a property of the mind of each individual What makes traditional grammar different from moden linguistics? ? Modern linguistics started with the publication of F. de Saussure’ s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So Saussure is often described as “father of modern linguistics”. ? The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language before that is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several ways: What makes traditional grammar different from modern linguistics? ? Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”. ? Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, may be overemphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. ? Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it doesnot force languages into a Latinbased framework. To modern linguists, it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another. They are trying to set up a universal framework, but that would be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind. ? definition of language Language is human speech。 parole “語(yǔ)言 ” “ 言語(yǔ) ”
環(huán)評(píng)公示相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號(hào)-1