【正文】 ter, G is the spring39。lbf/in linear spring pressed to 3lbf (for a total of 1650lbf (for a total of 1050s pression and the force exerted cannot be fitted adequately to a linear model. For example, the first inch exerts 500lbf/in. For every inch the spring is pressed, it exerts 500s deflection. The magnitude of the spring force increases as deflection increases according to Hooke39。lb race car and a 10,000s ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. Vehicles which carry heavy loads will often have heavier springs to pensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications where the loading conditions experienced are more extreme.Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to bee ineffective because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that monly experience suspension loads heavier than normal have heavy or hard springs with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle39。 wooden springs in the case of light onehorse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were made of lowcarbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.[1]The British steel springs were not well suited for use on America39。畢業(yè)外文翻譯英文資料Suspension Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose – contributing to the car39。s roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants fortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions involves finding the right promise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians.Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal, a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow.Horse drawn vehiclesBy the early 19th century most British horse carriages were equipped with springs。s rough roads of the time, and could even cause coaches to collapse if cornered too fast. In the 1820s, the Abbot Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire developed a system whereby the bodies of stagecoaches were supported on leather straps called thoroughbraces, which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up and down of a spring suspension (the stagec