【正文】 alkyne…………………………………………………48 An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis……………………………………54 Preparation Of Alkyne………………………………………………………54 Properties and nomenclature of Dienes……………………………………55 Reaction of dienes…………………………………………………………57Chapeter 5 Stereochemistry…………………………………………………………60 Isomers……………………………………………………………………60 Isomers with One Asymmetric Carbon……………………………………61 Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Carbon………………………64 resolution of a racemic mixture……………………………………………65 Stereochemistry of Reactions: Regioselective, Stereoselective, and Stereospecific Reactions………………………………………………………66Chapter 6 Aromatic hydrocarbons…………………………………………………70 The structure of benzene…………………………………………………70 Substitued derivatives of benzene and their nonmenclature………………72 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons………………………………………74 Criteria for Aromaticity…………………………………………………74 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction………………………………75 Reactions of Substituted Benzenes………………………………………80 Reactions of Substituents on Benzene……………………………………86Chapter 7 Alkyl Halides……………………………………………………………89 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides……………………………………………897. 2 Classes of Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………897. 3 Bonding in Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………89 Physical properties of alkyl halides…………………………………………90 Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides……………………………………91 Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides…………………………………100Chapter 8 Alcohols and ethers………………………………………………………108 Nomenclature of Alcohols…………………………………………………108 Bonding in Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………108 Physical properties of alcohols……………………………………………109 Acidity and Basicity of alcohols…………………………………………110 Substitution Reactions of Alcohols………………………………………111 Elimination Reactions of Alcohols s………………………………………114 Substitution Reactions of Ethers…………………………………………116 Reactions of Epoxides……………………………………………………117Chapter 9 Infrared Spectroscopy and NMR Spectroscopy…………………………120 Infrared Spectroscopy……………………………………………………120 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance……………………………………………127Chapter 10 Aldehydes and Ketones…………………………………………………139 Nomenclature……………………………………………………………139 Structure and bonding: The carbonyl group……………………………140 Physical Properties………………………………………………………141 Sources of Aldehydes and Ketones………………………………………141 Nucleophilic Addition……………………………………………………142 Oxidation of aldehydes…………………………………………………147 Enols and Enolates………………………………………………………150Chapter 11 Carboxylic Acids………………………………………………………157 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids………………………………………157 Structure and bonding……………………………………………………157 Physical properties s……………………………………………………158 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids……………………………………………158 Salts of Carboxylic acids…………………………………………………159 Substituents and Acid Strength…………………………………………160 Ionization of Substituted Benzoic acids…………………………………161 Souces of Carboxylic Acids……………………………………………162 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids…………………………………………162Chapter 12 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives……………………………………………166 Nomenclature of all carboxylic acid derivatives…………………………166 The structures of carboxylic acid derivatives……………………………167 Nucleophilic Substitution in Acyl Chlorides……………………………168 Nucleophilic Substitution in Carboxylic acid anhydrides………………169 Nucleophilic Substitution in Esters………………………………………170 Reaction of Amides………………………………………………………172 Nitriles……………………………………………………………………174 Ester enolates……………………………………………………………175Chapter 13 Amines…………………………………………………………………182 Amines Nomenclature……………………………………………………182 Structure and Bonding……………………………………………………183 Physical Properties………………………………………………………184 Basicity of Amines………………………………………………………185 Tetraalkyl Ammonium Salts as phasetransfer catalyst…………………185 Preparation of Amines……………………………………………………186 Reactions of Amines……………………………………………………188 IV Chapter 1 Introduction The development of Organic Chemistry as a science The history of Organic Chemistry：(1) The Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman was the first person to express this difference between ‘Organic’ and ‘Inorganic’ substance in 1770. (2) In 1807, J246。hler produced ureaa pound known to be excreted by mammals by heating ammonium cyanate, an inorganic mineral. For the first time, an “organic” pound had been obtained from something other than a living organism and certainly without the aid of any kind of vital force. Clearly，chemists needed a new definition for “organic pounds.” The importance of Organic Chemistry What is Organic Chemistry?Organic chemistry is the study of carbon pounds. Thus Organic pounds are now defined as pounds that contain carbon.What makes carbon so special? Why are there so many carboncontaining pounds? The answer lies in carbon’s position in the periodic table. Carbon is in the center of the second row of elements. The atoms to the left of carbon have a tendency to give up electrons, whereas the atoms to the right have a tendency to accept electrons.Because carbon is in the middle, it neither readily gives up nor readily accepts electrons. Instead, it shares electrons. Carbon can share electrons with several different kinds of atoms, and it can also share electrons with other carbon atoms. Consequently, carbon is able to form millions of stable pounds with a wide range of chemical properties simply by sharing electrons. The distribution of Organic pounds:(1)All of the molecules that make life possible—proteins, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—contain carbon, so the chemical reactions that take place in living systems, including our own bodies, are organic reactions.(2)Most of the pounds found in nature—those we rely on for food, medicine, clothing (cotton, wool, silk), and energy (natural gas, petroleum)—are organic as well.(3)Important organic pounds are not, however, limited to the ones we find in nature. Chemists have learned to synthesize millions of organic pounds never found i