【正文】 major place) pH=7 Solubility of (Fe2+Fe3+) Absorption Crypt at the base of villi Fe Transferrin desquamation villi Blood according to need Fe2+ ? rapid transit time in GI ? chylia(胃液缺乏 ), malabsorption syndromes ? precipitation(沉淀 ) by alkalinization(堿化 ), phosphates ? phytates (植酸 ), oxalate (草酸 ) and antacids (抗酸劑 ) ? iron dosage male: A＝ D female: A＝ D A: iron absorbed D: Iron dosage factors of decreasing absorption ?factors of increasing absorption ? iron dosage ? , B2。 Reduced physical fitness(健康 ): weakness, fatigue(疲勞 )。 Reduced learning ability。 Impaired visual discrimination(識(shí)別力 )。 pale nailbed(指甲床 )and eye membranes。 concave nails(凹面指甲 )。s state of health. Low levels of zinc and iron as well as thyroid problems can cause brittle nails. Reticulocytes：網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞 In the presence of some anemias, the body increases production of red blood cells (RBCs), and sends these cells into the bloodstream before they are mature. These slightly immature cells are called reticulocytes, and are characterized by a work of filaments and granules. Reticulocytes normally make up 1% of the total RBC count, but may exceed levels of 4% when pensating for anemia. ? Checking for anemia (iron deficiency), which can be easily treated with iron supplements. Anemia can cause low energy and fatigue, and can lead to fatal haemorrhaging in women during childbirth. Pakistan 5. DRIs ? Men: 15mg/d ? Women: 20mg/d ? Pregnancy: 2535mg/d ? Wet nurse: 25mg/d Fe supplement in USA 6. Food source 常用食物中的鐵含量 (mg/100g食部 ) 食物 含鐵量 食物 含鐵量 食物 含鐵量 稻 米 黑木耳 (干 ) 芹 菜 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)粉 豬肉 (瘦 ) 打油菜 小 米 豬肝 大白菜 玉米 (鮮 ) 雞肝 菠 菜 大 豆 雞蛋 干紅棗 紅小豆 蝦米 葡萄干 綠 豆 海帶 (干 ) 核桃仁 芝麻醬 帶魚 桂 圓 四、碘 （ Iodine ） tetraiodothyronine (T4), % (甲狀腺素 ) triiodothyronine (T3), % (三碘甲狀腺原氨酸 ) thyroid iodine (8mg) diiodothyronine (DIT), % (二碘酪氨酸 ) monoiodothyronine (MIT), % (一碘酪氨酸 ) others In blood: proteinbinding iodine (PBI), 3060 μg/L 1. Iodine in the body (2050mg) Structure of T4 and T3 (1) regulating oxidation reactions in cells and energy metabolism. (2) Regulating protein synthesis by linking to the processes of geic control in the nucleus. (3) Promoting the synthesis of cholesterol, intestinal absorption of carbohydrate and conversion of carotene to VitA. (4) Regulating the metabolism of water and electrolyte. (5) Influencing the growth and development, and mental development. (15% mental retardation in ID area in china ) 2. Function of iodine in body colloid TG: thyroglobulin 甲狀腺球蛋白 3. absorption and metabolism Thyroid gland TG T4 T3 DIT MIT(d ) (c) T4 T3 Dietary iodine 肝中合成 葡萄糖酸酯或硫酸酯 Fecal iodine 10% I T4 bound/free T3 T3 T4 Effect Urinary iodine 90% Sweet and milk Target cells (g) bile (a) (b) (e) (f) (h) a: absorption dietary iodine is converted to inanic form(iodine) and rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. b,c: circulating iodine is ether excreted into the urine or taken up by the thyroid gland. d,e: the pathway of T3,T4 synthesis. f: secretion of T4 and T3 into the blood. g: some of T4 is converted to T3 and some excreted into the bile. h: tissues convert T4 to T3 and some of T3 is returned to the circulating in many tissues. 4. iodine deficiency IDD ?Adults: goiter（甲狀腺腫） ?Teenagers: influencing rowth, development of body and mental. ?Infants: dementia （癡呆） Supplement of iodide: iodized salt KI: 1:100000 KIO3:1:20220~50000 5. effects of excess iodine iodine goiter 6. DRIs ? Adults 150ug/d ? Pregnancy 175ug/d ? Wet nurse 200ug/d ? UL 850ug/d 7. Dietary source: sea foods kelp (海帶 ) 24mg/100g， sea slug（ 海參 ）， mussel(淡菜 )1mg/100g， laver(紫菜 )五、鋅（ Zinc） 1. zinc in the body (23g) found in all human tissues (10200ug/g) More in liver, spleen, heart, muscle, bone, eye, and skin blood(900ug/100ml) prostate(前列腺 ) prostatic secretions Spermatozoa（精液） 2. Functions and zinc deficiency (1) Essential constituent of over 100 enzymes, in each of the 6 major enzyme categories: oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase(水解 )， lyase（裂合） , isomerase（異構(gòu)） and ligase（連接） . (2) Influencing growth, development and sexual system. involving the synthesis of DNA, RNA protein (anorexia 厭食， failure to grow, testicular atrophy 睪丸萎縮 , skin lesions ) (3) Having normal appetite. (4) Promoting metabolism of Vit A. (5) Maintaining the reproduction of immune cells. (6) Involving in neoplastic（瘤的） processes. 2. Functions and zinc deficiency Zinc finger 3. Metabolism (shorten) 4. Deficiency and Toxicity 5. DRIs and dietary source 1) DRIs: ? 19 y: 10mg/d ? 10y: 15mg/d ? pregnant and wet nurse: 20mg/d 2) Dietary source: seafoods and meats. 六、硒（ Selenium） 1. Se in the body Body size (1420mg) In various amounts in all tissues of the body except fat the highest concentration is in liver, heart, kidney and spleen bl