【正文】 Bulgaria,Canada, Finland, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Ivory,Coast, Japan, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg,Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Panama,Peru, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Thailand, United States of America and Yugoslavia. On October 23, 1978, the Conference adopted a revised text and two remendations by unanimous vote of the 10 member States. The most important amendment concerned the status of UPOV as an intergovernmental organization. UPOV was endowed with legal personality and also, on the territory of each member of the Union, the legal capacity necessary to achieve this aim and carry out its functions, and it was provided that it would also enter into a Headquarters Agreement with the Swiss Confederation. Other amendments were designed to facilitate the accession of States that were not yet members. An exception was incorporated into Article 37 to allow the United States of America to retain their dual system of protection and the demarcation of the areas of application according to the manner of propagation of the variety. The revised text adopted in 1978 ultimately differs little from the one drawn up in 1961. For the ‘‘old’’ member States, an essential amendment was the prolongation from four to six years of the period during which a variety could be marketed abroad without its novelty being affected, in the case of vines, trees and their rootstocks. The provision on priority was re?ned. Rules on variety denominations were also revised, although the fundamental principles remained unchanged. The provision under which the procedures for technical and administrative cooperation between UPOV and BIRPI (which in the meantime had bee the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)) were to be governed by rules established by the Government of the Swiss Confederation, in agreement with the Unions concerned, was deleted. The cooperation itself was not thereby affected, however. It is at present governed by an agreement, signed on November 26, 1982. According to that agreement, WIPO provides UPOV with logistical support against indemni?cation. The agreement also provides that the Council of UPOV appoints the Director General of WIPO to the post of SecretaryGeneral of UPOV. Finally, subject to certain general provisions, the WIPO rules governing staff status and ?nances apply mutatis mutandis to the staff and ?nances of UPOV. The 1978 Act came into force on November 8, 1981. The 1991 Act By 1991, some thirty years of experience had been gained in the application of the UPOV Convention and members of the Union were aware of some improvements that could be made. The discovery of the structure of DNA was announced in 1953. During the period 1961–1991, consequential scienti?c discoveries and technological developments took place, which had profound implications for plant improvement and also for plant variety protection. Each of the changes made in 1991 was to deal with a challenge identi?ed through experience or arising from scienti?c and technical progress. All Acts of the UPOV Convention have ?ve main features. They established the: ? standard criteria for protection (novelty, variety denomination, distinctness, uniformity and stability)。公共機(jī)構(gòu)研究方向的轉(zhuǎn)變一樣會(huì)影響到農(nóng)民。這樣會(huì)逼著農(nóng)民每年在自己的田里省下更多的種子，而這種行為目前在拉美還是為法律允許的。 最后，可能是農(nóng)民最終為 PBR 買(mǎi)單，盡管并非必要。獲取傳統(tǒng)的公共胚質(zhì)的經(jīng)費(fèi)被嚴(yán)格限制。培育者能不能占便宜取決于他們能不能和出 口市場(chǎng)的牌照持有者好好合作。 其次，出口作物的培育者，比如鮮花和水果，可能最初是從 PBR 中獲利的，因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)會(huì)得到國(guó)外的新品種。本地公司和大型的跨國(guó)公司對(duì)簿公堂的時(shí)候顯然后者占便宜。根據(jù)阿根廷經(jīng)的情況，跨國(guó)公司未必比本地公司在 PBR 保護(hù)下賺得多。種業(yè)全行業(yè)總體上的盈利提升會(huì)促使更多的私人進(jìn)入該領(lǐng)域。至于這是否刺激他們更多地投資種業(yè)目前尚未可知。首先，種業(yè)行業(yè)本身應(yīng)當(dāng)躋身贏家之列。 輸家和贏家 PBR 在拉美的實(shí)行時(shí)間還太短以至于不足以得出深刻的結(jié)論，無(wú)法了解 PBR在這些國(guó)家未來(lái)究竟會(huì)如何。反對(duì)聲音主要來(lái)自公共領(lǐng)域的研究者和一些與小農(nóng)一起奮斗的非政府組織，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)反對(duì)者勢(shì)單力薄。 在哥倫比亞和墨西哥，國(guó)外政治勢(shì)力賣(mài)力。在這五個(gè)國(guó)家中，許許多多利益集團(tuán)都為 PBR搖旗吶喊，他們分別是： 本地種子公司，他們希望保護(hù)新品種來(lái)獲得專(zhuān)利費(fèi)。該研究在 1994 年開(kāi)展，試圖在以下四個(gè)方面尋找可證實(shí) PBR 影響的數(shù)據(jù)： 私營(yíng)種子公司在育種方面的投資 作物材質(zhì)的國(guó)際間轉(zhuǎn)讓 對(duì)公共胚質(zhì)的易得性 農(nóng)民中種子的傳播 PBR在拉美 阿根廷，智利和烏拉圭在 15 到 20 年前就建立了 PBR 保護(hù)體系。除了一兩個(gè)關(guān)于 PBR 的研究在美國(guó)開(kāi)展過(guò)以外，其他再?zèng)]有評(píng)估性的研究開(kāi)展過(guò)。除了上述國(guó)家外，津巴布韋和智利同樣也有 PBR的操作系統(tǒng)，并且由于新的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的訂立，越來(lái)越多的國(guó)家也會(huì)跟著做。最近一個(gè)研究組織在拉丁美洲收集 一些相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，其中重心放在阿根廷。有些人則爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)該種權(quán)利會(huì)妨礙農(nóng)民的種子供應(yīng)，同時(shí)削弱植物的基因多樣性。 外文資料翻譯譯文二： 植物育種權(quán)孕育勝者與敗者 植物育種者權(quán)利（ PBR） 植物育種者權(quán)利（ PBR）廣泛應(yīng)用于經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家和一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家，但它充滿爭(zhēng)議。保護(hù)聯(lián)盟內(nèi)現(xiàn)有成員要求在五年內(nèi)達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)，而新進(jìn)成員則要 求在十年內(nèi)需要達(dá)標(biāo)。因此，在保護(hù)任何品種的植物基因和種類(lèi)的新品種之時(shí)，沒(méi)有遇到特別困難的地方。與本文的背景有特定相關(guān)的是那一個(gè)確定獲取新品種保護(hù)所要有的最少數(shù)量的作物基因和種類(lèi)的條例。 作為一個(gè)非強(qiáng)制性的育種權(quán)免責(zé)條例，一條針對(duì)農(nóng)用種子的條例被加入 UPOV條例中，該新條例允許 UPOV 成員國(guó)在一定條件下，允許農(nóng)民依照合理的限制來(lái)保存一些種子，當(dāng)時(shí)也不能侵犯原育種者的合法權(quán)益。所繁育出的新品種用于其他用途，比如銷(xiāo)售，也都不需要得到被利用的新品種的育種者的授權(quán)，不過(guò)在一些 1978年和 1991 年的法案中明確規(guī)定的情形下另當(dāng)別論。其后的免責(zé)條款與此相同，例如在私人花園里或是為了維生而種植。 育種者權(quán)利的免責(zé)條款之范圍得到重新定義。這種權(quán)利的衍生取決于在先受保護(hù)品種的育種者授權(quán)與否。有關(guān)保護(hù)范圍、新品種和為育種者權(quán)力所保護(hù)的新品種的材質(zhì)的相關(guān)分類(lèi)也都得到了確立。 對(duì)于保護(hù)的確定技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在 1991 年沒(méi)有重大變化。 UPOV協(xié)議的所有法案都有五個(gè)主要特征。在 1961年到 1991年的這段時(shí)間里，相繼的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)接踵而至，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)極大地影響了植物品種的改善和對(duì)植物新品種的保護(hù)。 1991 年法案 到了 1991年，對(duì) UPOV協(xié)議的實(shí)施已經(jīng)累積了近三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而且成員國(guó)們也認(rèn)識(shí)到了所取得的進(jìn)步。該文件同時(shí)授權(quán) UPOV 理事會(huì)任命 WIPO 的總負(fù)責(zé)人來(lái)?yè)?dān)任 UPOV的總秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)。眼下相關(guān)合作事宜由在 1982 年 11 月 26 日所簽署的一份文件來(lái)統(tǒng)一管理。 原先由瑞士聯(lián)邦政府確立、并與牽涉其中的聯(lián)盟取得一致的，用于管理 UPOV和 WIPO之間技術(shù)和管理合作之程序的相關(guān)規(guī)定，如今被廢。 有關(guān)優(yōu)先權(quán)的條例也完善了。 1978 年的修訂文本最終和 1961 年起早的那份相差有限。 另外的協(xié)議