【正文】 s the set of activities needed to bring a new product to market. A product development anization includes the engineers, managers, and other personnel who make process and product engineering decisions and perform these activities. (Note that, in this paper, the term new product covers the redesign of an existing product as well.) Because making good decisions requires expertise and an anization of people can be experts in only a few things, a manufacturing firm specializes in a certain class of products. It focuses its attention on the market for that class of products, the technologies available to produce that class, and the regulations relevant to that class. Like other parts of the business, a product development anization seeks to maximize the profit of the manufacturing firm subject to the relevant regulatory and ethical constraints and other conditions that the firm’s owners impose based on their values. A product development anization does this by regularly introducing new products that the 吉林化工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯 4 firm can manufacture, market, and sell. Fundamentally, then, a product development anization transforms information about the world (., technology, preferences, and regulations) into information about products and processes that will generate profits for the firm. It performs this transformation through decisionmaking (Herrmann and Schmidt, 2021). Because the design problem is highly plex, product development teams depose the problem into a product development process, which provides the mechanisms for linking a series of design decisions that do not explicitly consider profit. The following nine steps are the primary activities that many product development processes acplish (Schmidt et al., 2021): Step 1. Identify the customer needs. Step 2. Establish the product specification. Step 3. Define alternative concepts for a design that meets the specification. Step 4. Select the most suitable concept. Step 5. Design the subsystems and integrate them. Step 6. Build and test a prototype。 modify the design as required. Step 7. Design and build the tooling for production. Step 8. Produce and distribute the product. Step 9. Track the product during its life cycle to determine its strengths and weaknesses. This list (or any other description that uses a different number of steps) is an extremely simple depiction that not only conveys the scope of the process but also highlights the inherent (but unquestioned) deposition. There are many other ways to represent product development processes and the ponent tasks, including the use of schedules or a design structure matrix (Smith and Eppinger, 2021). Manufacturing firms understand that design decisions (though made early in the product life cycle) have an excessive impact on the profitability of a product over its entire life cycle. Consequently, product development anizations have created and used concurrent engineering practices for many years (Smith, 1997, provides a historical view). 吉林化工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯 5 Many types of tools and methods (such as crossfunctional product development teams and design for manufacturing guidelines) have been created, adopted, and implemented to improve decisionmaking. Cooper (1994) identifies three generations of formal approaches to product development, all of which involve deposition. It should be noted, however, that deposition is not the only way to describe product development. As an alternative to deposing a system design problem into subproblems, Hazelrigg (1996) proposes creating and refining system design models to express how detailed design variables affect the overall system performance. This approach suggests that a product development process would end with using the model to find the optimal design. Hazelrigg (1998) encourages this type of optimization but does not discuss the process of generating the profit maximization model. 3. A Methodology for Design for Modularity A threephase methodology is proposed for the development of plex products using the modularity concept [1,2]. The proposed methodology matches the criteria set by the design for functionality, assembly and manufacture. Some of the major benefits associated with this methodology include: Potential for integration of the developed methodology and technology into the engineering design activities. they are ranked secondary because they will not affect the main function of the product. That is, a product may lack one or more general functional requirement and still be considered as a functional product that meets the intended function. General functional requirements should be weighted with respect to their importance. . Product Concept Analysis Product/concept analysis is the deposition of the product into its basic functional and physical elements. These elements must be capable of achieving the product’s functions. Functional elements are defined as the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical elements are defined as the parts, ponents, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s function. Product concept analysis consists of product physical deposition and product functional deposition. In product physical deposition, the product is deposed into its basic physical ponents which, when assembled together, will acplish the 吉林化工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯 8 product function. Physical deposition should result in the identification of basic ponents that must be designed or selected to perform the product function. Product functional deposition describes the products overall functions and identifies ponents functions. Also, the interfaces between functional ponents are identified. . Product/Concept Integration Basic ponents resulting from the deposition process should be arranged in m