【正文】 he analog puter – perform many mathematical operations such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, integration, and differentiation ? Op amps in signal conditioning applications ? Op amp survived… – the analog puters lost favor to digital puters – the demand for op amps increased as measurement applications increased. Evolution of op amps Op amp symbol Tube op amp IC op amp uA741 Evolution of op amps ? The first signal conditioning op amps were constructed with vacuum tubes… ? 181。 puter (, 7) – Evolution of op amps (, 9) – Op amps: today amp。 voltage source Terminology transducer ? , 變換器 ? A substance or device, such as a piezoelectric crystal, microphone, or photoelectric cell, that converts input energy of one form into output energy of another. ? humidity transducer 濕度傳感器 ? impedance transducer 阻抗變換器 transfer function ? transfer function 傳輸函數(shù) ? system function 系統(tǒng)函數(shù) stability ? n. 穩(wěn)定性 ? BIBO stability 有界輸入 /有界輸出穩(wěn)定性 GBW ? Gain 增益，放大系數(shù) – An increase in signal power, voltage, or current by an amplifier, expressed as the ratio of output to input. – Also called: amplification ? Bandwidth 帶寬 – The numerical difference between the upper and lower frequencies of a band of electromagic radiation, especially an assigned range of radio frequencies. – The difference, expressed in Hertz, between the two limiting frequencies of a band. – The data transfer capacity (in bits per second) of a bitparallel bus. ? Gain bandwidth 增益帶寬積 signal conditioner ? signal conditioner 信號調(diào)理器 ? signal conditioning 信號調(diào)理 ? air conditioner 空調(diào) ? power conditioner 功率調(diào)節(jié)器 ? water conditioner 凈水器 voltage source amp。 indicates that the data is not held in a flipflop but rather in a storage cell. ? ―動態(tài) ‖這個詞意味著數(shù)據(jù)不是保存在觸發(fā)器當(dāng)中，而是保存在一個存儲單元中。 Indicate in text ? The word 180。所以，該類器件常被稱作掩模 ROM。 Offset in text ? The disadvantage of the extra circuitry required for refreshing is easily offset by the lower price per bit when using large memory sizes. ? 當(dāng)所需存儲量很大時，數(shù)據(jù)更新需要額外電路這個缺點很容易就被較低的位價格彌補(bǔ)了。只要不受干擾 , 這種材料就一直保持其極化狀態(tài)。 CAM: Content Addressable Memory CAM is also known as associative storage. It is a memory chip in which each bit position can be pared. In regular DRAM and SRAM chips, the contents are addressed by bit location and then transferred to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) in the CPU for parison. In CAM chips, the content is pared in each bit cell, allowing for very fast table lookups. Since the entire chip is pared, the data content can often be randomly stored without regard to an addressing scheme which would otherwise be required. However, CAM chips are considerably smaller in storage capacity than regular memory chips. Cache ? The cache is a temporary storage area for frequentlyaccessed or recentlyaccessed data. Having certain data stored in a cache speeds up the operation of the puter. There are two kinds of cache: internal (or memory cache) and external (or disk cache). Internal cache is built into the processor, and external cache is on the motherboard. When an item is called for, the puter first checks the internal cache, then the external cache, and finally the slower main storage. Ferroelectric ? Ferroelectric is pertaining to a phenomenon exhibited by certain materials in which the material is polarized in one direction or the other, or reversed in direction by the application of a positive or negative electric field of magnitude greater than a certain amount. The material retains the electric polarization unless it is disturbed. ? 某些材料表現(xiàn)出的一種現(xiàn)象。 ? EEPROM： Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ? This means that the chip can be programmed like an EPROM, but can be erased electrically. As a result, no UV source is required. 9 ? EEPROM 是指該類芯片可以像 EPROM一樣可 編程，但使用的是電擦除的方法。 ? ROM: Read Only Memory ? ROMs are also called maskROMs or mask programmed ROMs. This is because a ROM needs to be programmed by setting its cells to either 0 or 1 at the time of manufacture. ? 只讀存儲器：也叫做掩模 ROM或者掩模編程 ROM。 indicates that the data is not held in a flipflop but rather in a storage cell. The data in a storage cell must be refreshed (read out and rewritten) regularly because of leakage. ? 動態(tài)隨機(jī)存取存儲器 ： ―動態(tài) ‖這個 詞意味著數(shù)據(jù)不是保存在觸發(fā)器當(dāng)中，而是保存在一個存儲單元中。 ? DRAM： Dynamic Random Access Memory ? The word 180。該陣列可配置成 1 位、 4位、 8位等數(shù)據(jù)格式。和觸發(fā)器一樣，寄存器也是 ―易失 ‖的，而且速度很快。寄存器的典型數(shù)據(jù)寬度為 8位、 16位、 32 位或者 64 位。由于電源電壓去掉后，觸發(fā)器原有的狀態(tài)就失去了，因此它是 ―易失的 ‖。由于觸發(fā)器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，所以其速度極快。本句采用 what 引導(dǎo)的從句做主語，是對表語 ―the invention of the integrated circuit‖的強(qiáng)調(diào)。本句采用what 引導(dǎo) 的從句做表語，是一種對主語 ―the transistor‖進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的表達(dá)方式。 Reading / writing techniques 給事物下定義的方法 In short, a transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it, depending on how much electricity is input to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However, unlike the vacuum tube , it is solid state. This means that it doesn39。 implement in text ? More transistors (switches) were required in order to implement more plicated functions. ? 為了實現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜的功能，就需要更多的晶體管（數(shù)字開關(guān)）。 ponent in text ? Originally, the functions performed by a processor were implemented using several different logic chips. Intel was the first pany to incorporate all of these logic ponents into a single chip. ? 處理 器完成的功能最早是由幾個不同的邏輯芯片實現(xiàn)的。 manipulate in text ? By careful chemical position and arrangement, it is possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer of silicon, using various technologies to manipulate the material into the correct form. These transistors are small, fast and reliable, and use relatively little power. ? 通過精心的化學(xué)合成和處理，運用各種材料處理技術(shù)可以在硅層上直接 構(gòu)造極小的晶體管。這些材料被稱作半導(dǎo)體。 2. These devices typically contained hundreds of 管。 of thousands of gates per chip, micrometer chip