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年產(chǎn)7萬噸苯的精餾裝置工藝設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文-文庫吧資料

2025-07-07 18:37本頁面
  

【正文】 , 13%和 7%,占總消費構(gòu)成的 91%。 我國苯和甲苯生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與發(fā)展概況 國內(nèi)情況 苯和甲苯都是重要的有機化工 原料。從甲苯中可以衍生出許多種化工原料,例如:苯、二甲苯、苯甲酸、甲苯二異氰酸脂、氯化甲苯、甲酚和對甲苯磺酸等。合成 氫醌 , 蒽醌 等化工產(chǎn)品。此外,苯有良好的溶解性能,可作為化工生產(chǎn)中的溶劑。苯經(jīng)取代反應、加成反應、氧化反應等生成的一系列化合物可以作為制取塑料、橡膠、纖維、染料、去污劑、殺蟲劑等的原料。 苯在工業(yè)上最重要的用途是做化工原料。然而現(xiàn)在隨著含鉛汽油的淡出,苯又被重新起用 。 苯有減輕爆震的作用而能作為汽油添加劑。 苯與甲苯的工業(yè)用途 年產(chǎn) 7 萬噸苯的精餾裝置工藝設(shè)計 3 ( 1)早在 1920 年代,苯就已是工業(yè)上一種常用的溶劑,主要用于金屬脫脂。重癥者可有躁動、抽搐、昏迷;慢性中毒:長期接觸可發(fā)生 神經(jīng)衰弱綜合征 ,肝腫大,女性月經(jīng)異常等。 特別注意:長期吸入會侵害人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),急性中毒會產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)痙攣甚至昏迷、死亡;在 白血病 患者中,有很大一部分有苯及其有機制品接觸歷史。人和動物吸入或皮膚接觸大量苯進入體內(nèi),會引起急性和慢性苯中毒。 ( 2)苯參加的化學反應大致有 3 種:一種是其他基團和苯環(huán)上的氫原子之間發(fā)生的取代反應;一種是發(fā)生在 C=C 雙鍵上的加成反應;一種是苯環(huán)的斷裂。 甲苯與苯的性質(zhì)很相似,是工業(yè)上應用很廣的原料。甲苯容易發(fā)生氯化,生成苯 — 氯甲烷或苯 三氯甲烷 ,它們都是工業(yè)上很好的溶劑;它可以萃取 溴水 中的溴,但不能和溴水反應;它還容易硝化,生成對硝基甲苯或鄰硝基甲苯,它們都是 染料 的原料;它還容易 磺化 , 生成鄰甲苯磺酸或 對甲苯磺酸 ,它們是做染料或制 糖精 的原料。另外甲苯比較便宜,故甲苯溫度計比水銀溫度計也便宜。甲苯溫度計正是利用了它的凝固點比水很低,可以在高寒地區(qū)使用;而它的沸點又比水的沸點高,可以測 ℃以下的溫度。它的沸點為 ℃,凝固點為- 95℃ ,密度為 g/cmamp。 陜西科技大學畢業(yè)論文 (設(shè)計說明書) 2 甲苯與苯的化學性質(zhì) ( 1)甲苯是有機化合物,屬 芳香烴 ,結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為 C6H5CH3。苯能與水生成 恒沸物 ,沸點為 ℃,含苯 %。苯比水密度低,密度為 ,但其分子質(zhì)量比水重。甲苯的熱值為 kJ/kg,閃點為 4 ℃,燃點為 535 ℃。甲苯的粘性為 mPa對光有很強的折射作用( 折射率 : )。甲苯帶有一種特殊的芳香味(與苯的氣味類似),在 常溫 常壓下是一種無色透明,清澈如水的液體,密度為 g/cmamp。在空氣中,甲苯只能不完全燃燒,火焰呈 黃色 。 精餾塔是進行精餾的一種塔式汽液接觸裝置,又 稱為蒸餾塔。若精餾過程伴有化學反應,則稱為反應精餾。精餾操作按不同方法進行分類。 關(guān)鍵詞 : 精餾塔 , 浮閥 ,泡點進料 II Handling capacity of 70,000 tons of benzene distillation process design ABSTRAC The design task is to design for the separation of benzene benzene, toluene distillation float valve. Distillation is a multistage separation process, which at the same time many parts of the process of vaporization and partial condensation. Distillation unit, including distillation, the raw material preheater, stills (reboiler), condenser, liquid reactor product cooler and cooler and other equipment. Heat input from the tower reactor, part of the material in the tower after repeated distillation condensate separated from the condenser and the cooling medium will be cooler in the heat away. According to the heating means to determine whether to set the reboiler bottom, bottom reboiler set when indirect heating, the heating system for a variety of things, and is widely used. As the design set reboiler, so the use of indirect heating. Because Benzene Toluene is easy to separate the twoponent material system, so the atmospheric pressure distillation. Choose the feed thermal conditions bubble point feed, so rectifying section and the stripper tower section of the same amount of steam rising, and not subject to seasonal climate. Float valve tower is the tower in the blister developed on the basis of. It has a large capacity, operating flexibility, high efficiency plate, the pressure is small, long life cycle and so on. Reflux ratio determined by a graphical method and plates calculations, the designbyplate calculation, although the calculation is more plicated, but the accuracy is higher. Theoretical plate determined, calculate the actual plate number, and then design the tower and the plate all the parameters, and calculate the distance between primary plate tower diameter, these data are based on distillation calculations based on data segment. Float valve opening rate of the tower design to meet certain requirements, that is, to determine the appropriate number of float valve, float valve aperture is selected to determine the type of float valve, float valve increased the number of steam through the valve hole gas speed and aperture to determine, this is only the theoretical calculation of the number of float valve, the actual layout to be determined by making plate, if the layout of the float valve opening rate and the number does not meet the valve hole gas velocity, we must rearranged to satisfy the needs requirements, the arrangement of the valve hole using isosceles triangle cross row. Finally, the plateload performance figure entrainment limit line, liquid panline leakage line, liquid line load limit calculations and to determine the tower structure. Keywords: distillation column, float valve, into the bubble point III 目 錄 摘 要 .................................................................... I ABSTRAC ................................................................. II 1 緒論 ................................................................. 1 概 述 ............................................................... 1 苯,甲苯性質(zhì)及危害 .............................................. 1 苯與甲苯、危害及區(qū)別 ................................................ 2 苯與甲苯的工業(yè)用途 .................................................. 2 我國苯和甲苯生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與發(fā)展概況 ...................................... 3 國外情況 ........................................................ 4 精 餾塔的概念及工作原理: ............................................ 4 .主要設(shè)備 ........................................................... 5 .......................................................... 5 再沸器 .......................................................... 6 冷凝器 .......................................................... 6 ............................................................ 6 操作壓力 ........................................................ 7 加料方式 . ....................................................... 7 進料狀態(tài) . ....................................................... 7 冷凝方式 . ....................................................... 7 加熱方式 . ....................................................... 8 熱能的利用 ...................................................... 8 確定設(shè)計方案的原則 .............................................. 8 .流程說明 ........................................................... 9 .問題研究 ........................................................... 9 2 工藝計算 ............................................................ 10 原始數(shù)據(jù) ........................................................... 10 塔的物料衡算 ......
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