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rket)包括: 1. 短期國庫券市場 (Treasury Bill): 它是西方國家財政部發(fā)行的短期債券。 International Financial Market ? The bulk of the financial assets traded in the money market have a maturity of less than a year. However, active trading is carried on in documents of up to five years’ maturity. Anything above five years is pretty much the domain of the investors in the capital markets where these longerterm securities are traded International Money Market ? 國際 貨幣 市場包括如下三大市場: 1. 銀行短期 信貸 市場; 2. 短期 證券 市場; 3. 貼現(xiàn) 市場。 3. 資本流動自由化,是國際信貸,跨國銀行業(yè)務也有長足發(fā)展。尤其是 歐洲美元市場 的出現(xiàn)。 Development of international financial market—2 1960s Offshore Dollar Market: Escape control EuroDollar Market。 Key Currency dollar both money and capital market Center 2: Zurich。 1914~1931 Center: London Sterling Bloc ? Sterling Area Declining of British Dominance After World War II。 3. Developed (mature) domestic financial market, and agglomeration of financial institutions。 Formation of International financial market—Conditions: 1. Economic and political stability。 2. International security market and stock market。Chapter 15 International Financial Market ? 國際金融市場的概念: 國際間居民與非居民之間,非居民與非居民之間進行金融活動的場所和關系的總和。 1. International money market vs. International capital market。 3. Traditional (onshore) market and offshore market。 2. No strict exchange control, currency convertibility, and national treatment。 4. Advanced facilities for international munication and location of easy transportation. 5. Rich in skilled and trained personnel and staff members. Development of international financial market—1 Before World War I Center: London Key Currency: Pound Sterling Bank of England dominated During and after World War I。 1944~1950 Center 1: New York。 Foreign Exchange market and gold market Center 3: London。 Euro Money Market London, Paris, Frankfurt, Bruxelles, Amsterdam, Milan, Stockholm, Tokyo, Montreal 1970s “Tax Haven” Offshore Center: Bahamas (Nassau), Grand Cayman (along Caribbean Sea), Luxembourg, Singapore Late 1970s Emerge of Asian Financial Market: Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia, The Philippines Functions of International Financial Market ? 國際金融市場的 作用 : 1. 離岸金融市場為各國籌集資金提供了方便。 2. 加速資本國際化,推動了國際貿(mào)易,為跨國公司的發(fā)展提供了條件。 ? 與此同時,增大了各國政府對國際游資管理的難度。 ? 銀行短期信貸市場 (1)國際銀行 同業(yè)間 拆借或拆放; (2)銀行 對工商 企業(yè)提供短期信貸資金。期限 3~6個月,按票面金額折扣發(fā)行。 2. 可轉(zhuǎn)讓的銀行定期存單 (Negotiable Certificate of Deposit, 略 CD) : 標準定額為 100萬美元以上,期限為 1~12 月以上。 3. 商業(yè)票據(jù) (Commercial Bill): 工商企業(yè)為籌集短期資金而開出的票據(jù) ,可通過銀行發(fā)行,按票面金額貼現(xiàn)的方式。有銀行信譽,便宜流通。 ? 貼現(xiàn)的票據(jù):政府國庫券,短期債券,銀行承兌票據(jù)及商業(yè)承兌票據(jù)。 ? 貼現(xiàn)行 ?再貼現(xiàn) Rediscount?中央銀行用于調(diào)節(jié)信貸和控制資金市場。 International Capital Market ? 國際 資本 市場 =銀行 中長期信貸 市場 +證券 市場 ? 期限越長風險越大 ?采取 銀團 貸款 ?需求者的 還債能力 。 1年以上 5年以內(nèi)中期貸款 5年以上長期貸款 Secondary Market ? 二級市場 :狹義概念的證券市場?;I集社會閑散資金用于長期投資。 ? 二級市場包括: 1. 證券交易所; 2. 經(jīng)紀人; 3. 證券商; 4. 證券管理機構 ? 場內(nèi)交易 :有場所,時間,種類限制,有一定準則和法規(guī);有傭金。 Variety of securities issued in secondary market ? Treasury Notes:中期國庫券 ? Treasury Bonds:長期國庫券,隨時可轉(zhuǎn)讓,但不到期不能兌換本金。 ? 黃金期權,期貨交易; ? 黃金擔保 Gold Warrants。 ? 黃金存單 Gold Depository Orders Factors Affecting Gold Price ? 影響黃金價格變動的因素: 1. 黃金供求關系; 2. 通貨膨脹 :世界性通貨膨脹 ??貨幣貶值 ?搶購黃金保值。又稱“ 離岸貨幣 ”。還有“歐洲日元”。又稱 離岸或境外金融市場 。離岸資金可隨時轉(zhuǎn)換為在岸資金(國內(nèi)資金)。 香港,倫敦 。以隔絕國際游資對本國貨幣存量和宏觀經(jīng)濟影響。 3. 簿記型 (走帳型):純屬為逃避稅收和管制,為其他金融市場交易進行記帳或劃帳。 1957蘇聯(lián)把出口所獲美元存入法國銀行(因為朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭美國凍結中國在美的資產(chǎn))。 為繞開管制,英國商業(yè)銀行則利用美元存款貸給國際貿(mào)易商。 3. 美國當局對國內(nèi)銀行活動的限制。 1965 Voluntary Foreign Credit Restrain Guideline等促使美國銀行把美元轉(zhuǎn)移到海外和歐洲。 1958年以后美元可以在歐洲地區(qū)自由流通。 1973~1976期間 OPEC在歐洲歐洲貨幣市場上的存款猛增 100?540億美元。 6. 歐洲國家對非居民本幣存款的限制 (到收利息)。 Growth of EuroCurrency Market—English version 1 ? Eurodollars were born in the late 1950s, a response to the needs generated by a growing volume of international trade. European firms involved in trade frequently wished to hold dollar balances or to borrow dollars. Europeans often found it cheaper and more convenient to deal with local banks familiar with their circumstances. ? In 1957, the British government prohibited British banks from lending pounds to finance nonBritish trade. In order to avoid losing this lucrative business, British banks began financing the same trade by attracting dollar deposits and lending dollars instead of pounds. The British government took a laissezfaire attitude toward foreign currency activities. As a result, London becameand has remainedthe leading center of Eurocurrency trading. Growth of EuroCurrency Market—English version 2 ? During the 1950s, the Soviet Union acquired dollar (largely through sales of gold and other raw materials). It feared the . might confiscate dollars placed in American bands if the Cold War were to heat up. So instead, Soviet dollars were placed in European banks. ? The Eurodollar system mushroomed in the 1960s as a result of new . restrictions on capital outflows and . banking regulations. ? Arab members of OPEC accumulated vast wealth as a result of the oil shocks, but reluctant to place most of their money in American banks for fear of possible confiscation. Instead, these countries placed funds with Eurobanks. Supply and Demand of Eurodollars 資金來源 資金運用 企業(yè) 資銀行 1. 企業(yè) 債 行 “ Charm” of Eurocurrency Market 1.最自由 :超國家無國籍;不僅不管制,而且鼓勵(對非居民的外幣資金交易允許免繳存款準備金)。 3. 利差?。?存款利率較高,放款利率較低;沒有存款利率最高額及法定準備金限制。 5. 中心多: 只要能吸引國際間投資商和借款人的地方都可以成為離岸金融中心。由于中國可以利用的可能性較小,所以 省略 。(教材第 291頁)將詳細介紹。 International Consortium Loan ? 國際銀團貸款 (Consortium Loan。 ? 特點: 1. 期限較長 ;( 5~20年)還有寬限期 Grace Period 2. 貸款數(shù)額較大 ;千萬 ~數(shù)億美元 3. 借款人要提供擔保 ;一般要政府,中央銀行,大商業(yè)銀行等提供擔保 4. 貸款選擇性和針對性較強 。也是各國對銀行的管理內(nèi)外不對稱而導致的。