【正文】 ems engineering, made possible through use of a suitable methodology and systems management procedures, in a useful processoriented setting that is appropriate for the resolution of realworld problems, often of large scale and scope. ? Purpose The purpose of systems engineering is information and knowledge anization that will assist clients who desire to define, develop, and deploy total systems to achieve a high standard of overall quality, integrity, and integration as related to performance, trustworthiness, reliability, availability, and maintainability of the resulting system. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 41 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING In our three level hierarchy of systems engineering there is generally a nonmutually exclusive correspondence between function and tools, structure and methodology, and purpose and management. A system engineering process results from efforts at the level of systems management to identify an appropriate methodology, an appropriate set of procedures, or a process for engineering a system. A systems engineering product, or service, results from the use of this process, or product line, together with an appropriate set of methods and metrics. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 42 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The evolution of a systems engineering product, or service, from the chosen systems engineering process is illustrated in Figure . The systems engineering process is driven by systems management and there are a number of drivers for systems management, such as the petitive strategy of the anization. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 43 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 44 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING We now expand on this to indicate some of the ingredients at each of these levels. The functional definition of systems engineering says that we will be concerned with the various tools and techniques that enable us to engineer systems. Often, these will be systems science and operations research tools that enable the formal analysis of systems. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 45 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The basic activities of systems engineers are usually concentrated on the evolution of an appropriate process to enable the definition, development, and deployment of a system or on the formulation, analysis, and interpretation of issues associated with one of these phases. Figure illustrates the basic systems engineering process phases and steps. Generally, these are bined to form a nine element matrix structure, as represented in Figure . 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 46 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The functional definition of systems engineering says that we will be concerned with an appropriate bination of methods and tools. We will denote the result of the effort to obtain this bination as a systems methodology. Systems engineering methodology is concerned with the life cycle or process used for system evolution. The functional definition of systems engineering also says that we will acplish this in a useful and appropriate setting. This useful setting is provided by an appropriate systems management process. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 47 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING We will use the term systems management to refer to the cognitive and anizational tasks necessary to produce a useful process, methodology, or product line for system evolution and to manage the processrelated activities that result in a trustworthy system. More specifically, the result of systems management is an appropriate bination of the methods and tools of systems engineering, including their use in a methodological setting, with appropriate leadership in managing system process and product development, to ultimately field a system that can be used by clients to satisfy the needs that led to its development. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 48 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Figure illustrates the notion of systems engineering as a broker of information across enterprises having a need for a system and the implementation specialists who will implement detailed design considerations to bring this about. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 49 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The structural definition of systems engineering tells us that we are concerned with a framework for problem resolution that, from a formal perspective at least, consists of three fundamental steps: ? Issue formulation ? Issue analysis ? Issue interpretation These are each conducted at each of the lifecycle phases that have been chosen in order to implement the basic phased efforts of definition, development, and deployment. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 50 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING These phases may be described in any number of ways. There are three general systems life cycles, as suggested by Figure : ? Research, development, test, and evaluation (RDTamp。a system is a procedurea series of chronological, logical steps by which all repetitive tasks are performed39。. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 33 Systems Defined ? (3) Transformational (or functional) definition. From the last attribute, the effects of the environment upon the system are inputs (including unforeseen ‘disturbances’), and, conversely, the effects in which the system influences the environment are outputs. From this consideration ， a system receives inputs from its environment, transforms them to outputs, and releases the outputs to the environment, whilst seeking to maximize the productivity of the transformation39。a system is a col