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賓語(yǔ))Which is yours,the blue pen or the redone?藍(lán)筆和紅筆哪一支是你的?(which作主語(yǔ))[注一]關(guān)于疑問(wèn)代詞的各種用法。疑問(wèn)代詞概說(shuō)疑問(wèn)代詞有who(誰(shuí),主格),whom(誰(shuí),賓格),whose(誰(shuí)的,所有格),what(什么)和which(哪個(gè),哪些)等。(作賓語(yǔ))His name and mine are the 。(作主語(yǔ))The same can be said of the Other 。2)相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。We are not talking about the same 。Such和same也是指示代詞,其單、復(fù)數(shù)的形式相同。Oh, it39。如:Who is it?――it39。It指人時(shí)亦用作指示代詞。I don39。(those代替television sets)4)This和that有時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)用,表示程度,意謂這么和那么。s grain output of 1981 was double that of 。如:The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈陽(yáng)的氣候跟北京的一樣好。chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:A great life A glorious death毛主席用下面的話表彰劉胡蘭:生的偉大,死的光榮。Those two statements are not 。s why I didn39。2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過(guò)的事物,this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。These days are 。(作定語(yǔ))指示代詞ins,these,that, those的其它用法1)This (these)常用來(lái)指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物,that(those)則常用來(lái)指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。s not ,問(wèn)題不在那兒。如:This is a plane,這是一架飛機(jī)。指示代詞有:this這個(gè),that那個(gè),these這些,those那些,it那個(gè),這個(gè),Such如此的,如此的事物,same同樣的,同樣的事物。如:Each tried to persuade the other to stay at 。s 。s mistakes in their 。s 。2)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須用所有格。如:Do you often see one another?你們彼此常見(jiàn)面嗎?New and old students learn from each 。相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。The desk itself is not so 。它在句中可置于名詞、代詞之后,也可置于句子末尾。 he never thought of himself他總是幫助別人,從不想到自己。(作help的賓語(yǔ))The girl is too young to look after ,還不能照顧自己。自身代詞的用法1)在句中作賓語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作回到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的本身。[注]of+名詞性物主代詞of+名詞所有格的用法完全一樣。c)用作表語(yǔ):Whose pencil is this?-It is ?是她的。b)用作賓語(yǔ):I didn39。2)名詞性物主代詞用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)a)用作主語(yǔ):Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我們的房間在一層,他們的在二層。How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少學(xué)生?There are many good teachers in our 。物主代詞概說(shuō)表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。如:They say there39。如:The child smiled when it saw its 。The dog waved his tail when he saw his 。s the picture of the Dongfeng。b)用she來(lái)代替國(guó)家、城市、船舶、飛機(jī)以及動(dòng)物等,以表示親切和愛(ài)撫。如:We believe that China will make still greater progress in 。They took good care of 。Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim 。s me (him,her等)。(見(jiàn)上面例句)[注二]口語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上不說(shuō)it39。s you. 噢,是你。s I .是我。、你、他、我們、你們、他們等的詞,叫做人稱代詞。如:the other,the others,a few,a little等。其他如人稱代詞、物主代詞、自身代詞和指示代詞等,其復(fù)數(shù)形式與此不同,須個(gè)別記憶。4)單復(fù)數(shù)形式 有些代詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。s某人的,one39。某些代詞有所有格,如whose誰(shuí)的,other39。(作定語(yǔ))All men are 。s 。史密斯。如:a) I am reading The Arabian 《天方夜譚》。)[英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法手冊(cè)]代詞 定義 代詞(pronoun)是代替名詞的詞:代詞在句子中的功用a)和名詞一樣,可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。)Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板們使要求增加工資的談判陷于僵局。s Day兒童節(jié)Christmas Day圣誕節(jié)10)報(bào)紙和文章的標(biāo)題常常省去冠詞。如:New Year39。s go and watch them play 。如:My younger brother likes to play table 。What did you have for supper?你晚飯吃什么了?[注]但指一特定的餐食時(shí)則須用定冠詞,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快來(lái),要不飯就涼了)。7)三餐飯的名稱前,常不用冠詞。6)在某些固定詞組里,名詞之前常不用冠詞。5)稱呼語(yǔ)前面不用冠詞,表示頭銜和職務(wù)(這種職務(wù)一般只由一人擔(dān)任)的名詞的前面也常不用冠詞。t approve of cousins 。4)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示某一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),不用冠詞。如in the spring在春季。We have mathematics on 。Winter is the best time for 。3)季節(jié)、月份、星期幾等名稱前,一般不用冠詞。I enjoyed every minute of 。2)名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代詞時(shí),不用冠詞。不用冠詞的場(chǎng)合1)專(zhuān)有名詞、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前,一般不用冠詞。She built a 。Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the ,痛恨敵人。2)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞如果具體化,表示一個(gè)具體情況或動(dòng)作或某一類(lèi)物質(zhì)時(shí),前面可用不定冠詞。China is rich in oil. 中國(guó)石油豐富。Did you like the music of the film?你喜歡這個(gè)影片的音樂(lè)嗎?Science is making rapid progress in 。Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti Japanese War.我們這個(gè)營(yíng)在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)南北。抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前冠詞的用法1)抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),前面通常不用冠詞,但特指時(shí),則須用定冠詞。5)在姓名復(fù)數(shù)形式前,指一家人。s Daily《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》,the Reader39。4)在報(bào)紙、雜志、旅館等名稱前。3)在某些建筑物的名稱前。)b)某些機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體等組織名稱前:the National People39。如:a)某些國(guó)名前:the People39。如:the Yellow River黃河,the Baltic(Sea)波羅的海,the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋,the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋,the Xisha islands西沙群島,the Tianshan Mountains天山,the Himalayas 喜馬拉雅山。但在下列幾種場(chǎng)合中,卻經(jīng)常要用定冠詞。如:in the morning在早上或上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上to go to the theatre(cinema)到劇院(電影院)去看戲(電影)專(zhuān)有名詞前冠詞的用法專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不用冠詞,如Shanghai上海,Britain英國(guó),Edgar Snow埃德加The sun rises in the 。如:Shanghai is the biggest city in 。如the poor窮人,the rich富人,the wounded傷員,the sick病號(hào),the beautiful美麗的事物。[注二]馬是有用的動(dòng)物有下面三種說(shuō)法,如:A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.6)表示階級(jí)、黨派的名詞前必須用the。s Palace,some children learn to play the piano,others learn to play the ,有的小孩學(xué)彈鋼琴,有的學(xué)拉小提琴。演奏樂(lè)器時(shí),樂(lè)器的名稱前也常用定冠詞the。.The favourite fast food in the United States is the 。5)定冠詞the用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,表示某一類(lèi)人或事物。那篇故事是關(guān)于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的,劇本是關(guān)于大學(xué)生生活的。(雙方都知道指的是哪一個(gè)火車(chē)站)3)復(fù)述上文提過(guò)的人或事物。(雙方都知道指的是哪個(gè)經(jīng)理)Let39。如:Open the door, 。 。)Cairo is the capital of 。(特指桌上的那本書(shū)。如:This is the house where Lu Xun once 。The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 醫(yī)生叫他一天吃三次藥。He drove the car at 18 miles an 。4)不定冠詞還可指事物的單位,如每日、每斤等。A young man wants to see 。(意即任何一個(gè)三角形都有三個(gè)角)3)指某人或某物,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。如:A steel worker makes 。(而不是其他工種)Give me a ballpen , 。如:Xiao Xu39。如the unit [TE5ju:nit] (單位),the yard [TEjB:d] (院子)。601。如the evening [Ti5:vniN] (傍晚),the car [TEkB:] (汽車(chē));在元音字母u發(fā)[ju:]和半元音字母。b)不論單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也不論可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,前面都可以用the。c) a和an在句中分別弱讀作[E]和[En]。n39。]一小時(shí),an honest [amp。auamp。601。如:a useful book一本有用的書(shū),a university一所大學(xué)。如:a notebook一個(gè)筆記本,a cigarette一支香煙,an old man一位老人,an English class一堂英語(yǔ)課。1)不定冠詞a,ana) a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前,表示某一類(lèi)人或事物中的一個(gè),相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的一,但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目觀念。I went to my uncle39。如:I met him at the Johnson39。是小王的。s你嬸母的這個(gè)可愛(ài)的孩子名詞所有格所修飾的詞的省略名詞所有格所修飾的詞,如果前面已經(jīng)提到,往往可以省略,以免重復(fù)。s吳先生(具有的照片中)的一張照片(比較:a picture of Mr. Wu吳先生本人的照片,即照片上是吳先生的像)。s (= one of my sister39。這種所有格叫做雙重所有格。s overthrow反動(dòng)統(tǒng)治的被推翻the occupation of the city by the enemy敵人對(duì)該城的占領(lǐng)of+名詞所有格上面講的兩種所有格的形式可以結(jié)合起來(lái),構(gòu)成of39。s concern of the younger generation黨對(duì)年青一代的關(guān)懷the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy士兵對(duì)敵人的仇恨2)名詞所有格是它所修飾的名詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。1)名詞所有格是它所修飾的名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。s books兒童讀物my father39。s friend約翰的朋友Xiao Wang39。s,即構(gòu)成所有格,可放在另一名詞之前,作定語(yǔ)用。(brother是主語(yǔ),故為主格;schoolbag是misplaces的賓語(yǔ),故是賓格)Every written sentence should begin with a capital 。名詞在句中是主格或是賓格,主要通過(guò)它在句中的作用和位置來(lái)確定。英語(yǔ)的名詞有三個(gè)格:主格(nominative case)、賓語(yǔ)(objective case)和所有格(possess