【正文】 and improved the government accountability system, to create a favorable policy and social environment for workers to work with dignity and for talented people to excel others.實施積極的就業(yè)政策長期以來，中國面臨著勞動力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴大就業(yè)的任務十分繁重。For the fair and timely settlement of labor disputes, the Law of the People39。建立由政府部門、工會組織、企業(yè)組織共同協(xié)調(diào)勞動關系的三方機制，強化調(diào)解、完善仲裁、加強司法救濟，及時妥善處理勞動爭議，維護當事人合法權益。s Republic of China and the Labor Contract Law of the People39。近年來，集體合同制度覆蓋面不斷擴大，實效性逐步增強，初步建立了以工會或職工代表與企業(yè)或企業(yè)組織平等協(xié)商為特征的集體勞動關系調(diào)整機制。鼓勵企業(yè)積極開展集體協(xié)商，簽訂集體合同。s Republic of China, have further improved the labor contract system, specified the rights and obligations of employers and employees, the rules for signing, implementing, revising, canceling or terminating labor contracts and corresponding liabilities, and, taking into account the trend toward diversified forms of employment, made provisions about how to regulate labor dispatch services and parttime employment, and other aspects.中國積極發(fā)揮集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度的作用。s Republic of China in the 1990s. The Labor Contract Law of the People39。2007年頒布的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》及此后出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法實施條例》，進一步完善了勞動合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動者的權利和義務，對勞動合同的訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止以及相應的法律責任作出了明確規(guī)定，同時針對勞動用工形式多樣化的發(fā)展趨勢，對勞務派遣和非全日制用工等行為專門進行了規(guī)范。s Republic of China went into effect in 2006, since when a series of related regulations have been issued concerning the employment and training, assessment and award, appointment and removal, promotion, demotion and transfer, punishment and appeal, resignation and dismissal of civil servants, penalties for violating civil service entrance examination rules, and appointment and ranking of new recruits. Over 1,000 regulations have been issued, covering the major ponents of public human resources management, including the wages and welfare of employees in government departments and public institutions, human resources management in public institutions, personnel mobility management and macrocontrol of human resources.人力資源權益保護的法律制度20世紀80年代中期，中國開始試行勞動合同制度。在機關與事業(yè)單位工資福利、事業(yè)單位人事管理、人才流動管理、人力資源宏觀調(diào)控等方面，國家制定規(guī)范性文件1000多件，涵蓋了公共人力資源管理的主要環(huán)節(jié)。s Republic of China on Certified Public Architects, and other related laws and regulations. These laws and regulations stipulate the qualifications and certificate standards of professional and technical staff, and their right to receive continuing education as well as their professional ethics, thereby standardizing the employment requirements for professional and technical staff and improving the quality of professional services.公共人力資源管理的法律制度1993年，中國頒布《國家公務員暫行條例》，實行公務員制度。s Republic of China on Lawyers, Law of the People39。s Republic of China, Law of the People39。1993年至今，中國頒布了《中華人民共和國教師法》、《中華人民共和國執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》、《中華人民共和國律師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊會計師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊建筑師條例》等法律法規(guī)，對專業(yè)技術人員的資質(zhì)條件、職業(yè)資格標準、接受繼續(xù)教育權利以及職業(yè)道德規(guī)范作出明確規(guī)定，規(guī)范了專業(yè)技術人員的職業(yè)準入，提高了專業(yè)服務質(zhì)量。s Republic of China, Law of the People39。The state also promotes vocational education and training through legislation. Since 1995 China has promulgated the Education Law of the People39。1995年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國教育法》、《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》、《中華人民共和國民辦教育促進法》等法律，建立了“市場引導培訓、培訓促進就業(yè)”的職業(yè)教育與培訓機制。s Rights and Interests, Law of the People39。s Republic of China for the Protection of Disabled Persons, Law of the People39?！毒蜆I(yè)促進法》專門設立了“公平就業(yè)”章，規(guī)定勞動者就業(yè)不因民族、種族、性別、宗教信仰等不同而受歧視，并特別指出農(nóng)村勞動者進城就業(yè)享有與城鎮(zhèn)勞動者平等的勞動權利。s Republic of China adopted in 2007 has laid down the principle of independent jobseeking by workers, employment based on market forces and the promotion of employment by the government, requiring the building of a government responsibility system for promoting employment, the implementing of industry, investment, finance and taxation policies favorable for boosting employment, making an overall plan for balanced employment between urban and rural areas, in various regions and among different social groups. According to this Employment Promotion Law the state will establish an unemployment precaution system, improve the public employment service, vocational training and employment aid systems. The enforcement of these laws has greatly facilitated the interaction between economic development and employment promotion.國家保障勞動者依法享有平等就業(yè)和自主擇業(yè)的權利。Legal system for promoting employmentTo achieve the goal of expanding and stabilizing employment, China promulgated the Labor Law of the People39。2007年頒布《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法》，確立了國家執(zhí)行“勞動者自主擇業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進就業(yè)”的方針，建立促進就業(yè)的政府責任體系，實施有利于促進就業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)、投資、財稅政策，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域和不同社會群體的就業(yè)，建立失業(yè)預警制度，完善公共就業(yè)服務制度、職業(yè)培訓制度和就業(yè)援助制度。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動法、公務員法為基礎，以勞動合同法、就業(yè)促進法、勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。 the total number of urban employees covered by basic medical insurance, urban residents covered by basic medical insurance and people in the countryside covered by the new rural cooperative medical insurance reached billion。s sustained and rapid socioeconomic development, the ine of urban and rural residents has maintained a stable growth. The average disposable ine of urban residents increased from less than RMB 100 yuan in 1949 to 15,781 yuan in 2008。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實施有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，%。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險參保人數(shù)達23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)合計超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險參保人數(shù)分別達到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底，、衛(wèi)生技術人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。隨著社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。截至2008年底。中國政府制定和實施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實用人才和社會工作人才等各類人才隊伍建設。人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進展。Optimized employment structure. With China39。隨著中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例大幅下降，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例有較大提高。 undergraduates studying at all sorts of universities and colleges numbered million and postgraduate students million. The development of national education has remarkably raised employees39。 and higher education is being more popular. In 2009 the total number of senior middle school students in China amounted to million。Remarkable improvement of education. China gives priority to education in its development strategy, and has established a paratively plete national modern educational system. In 2000 NineYear Compulsory Education was made universal throughout the