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especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience 12. basic=? fundamental ? essential ? central ? underlying simple ? crude ? primitive ? rudimentary ? unsophisticated ? lowtech 13. nature= plants/animals etc= somebody39。 a time or arrangement that is convenient 33. objective=t say/tell ? unforeseeable ? it remains to be seen 20. machinery= machines, especially large ones = a system or set of processes for doing something = machine ? device ? robot ? appliance ? mechanism 21. ultimate= someone39。s mind 30. possible= possibility ? can ? potential ? there is a chance/possibility 31. reduction= decrease ? drop/fall ? cut 32. class= type/kind/sort ? style ? category ? variety 33. rehearsal= practice ? training ? runthrough ? exercise 34. peer= your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc: 35. defensive= used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 36. strategy= way ? method ? approach ? technique ? system ? tactics 37. assist= help ? aid ? with the aid of 38. specific= give (somebody) more details ? expand on/enlarge on ? go into more/greater detail ? be more specific/be more explicit ? elaborate 39. substance= a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 40. surroundings=environment=circumstance 41. engage= give somebody a job ? employ ? take on ? appoint ? recruit ? sign up 42. bine= mix ? stir ? beat ? blend ? whisk ? dilute 43. survival= the state of continuing to live or exist TEST 31. quotation= a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writing because it is interesting or amusing 2. exemplify= example ? case ? instance ? to be a very typical example of something: to give an example of something: 3. explain= tell ? say what/why/where etc ? show ? demonstrate ? go through ? throw/shed light on ? set out 4. outline= to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details 5. purpose= aim ? point ? idea ? objective ? object ? goal ? target ? end 6. encourage= persuade ? persuasion ? get somebody to do something ? influence ? encourage ? talk somebody into ? put somebody up to 7. loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc 8. poverty= being poor 9. crime= illegal activities in general 10. reject =to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something [≠