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rate the apical 2 to 3 mm of the canal. 5. Temporarily seal the access opening. 6. Use analgesics as necessary. This plan of action may be undertaken depending on the time available for the emergency care: Summary of Treatment of Dental Pain ? Pulpal painirreversible pulpitis cavity and debridement Summary of Treatment of Dental Pain ? Periodontal (apical) painacute exacerbation of chronic lesion No obvious swelling ( acute apical periodontitis) 1. Debridement 2. RCT . Local swelling ( acute apical alveolar abscess) 1. Debridement to allow maximum drainage 2. Clean canal 3. Incise if fluctuant 4. RCT . Local swelling and “cellulitis” 1. Treatment as above 2. Antibiotic therapy 3. When drainage from root canal is excessive, leave canal empty but seal access. Review within 48 hours 4. Irrigate with copious amount of sodium hypochlorite irrigation 5. RCT . Emergency Treatment ? 確診后給予正確的應(yīng)急處理 Emergency Treatment ? 手固定患牙減輕疼痛,盡量減少鉆磨震動 Incise and Drain the Swelling 切開排膿 確診和把握切開排膿的時機非常重要 。3,6, and 12 months。 Antibiotics 糖皮質(zhì)激素及抗生素 ? Hydroxyapatite 羥基磷灰石 、 BMP骨形成蛋白 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Direct Pulp Capping 直接蓋髓術(shù) Pulp capping implies placing the dressing directly onto the pulp exposure. 原