【正文】 體系A(chǔ) banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves Free rider 搭便車者A person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it factor demand 要素需求the amount of an input demanded by a firm, given the price of the input and the quantity of output being produced。 the returns received by the owners are not guaranteed but depend on how well the firm does exchange efficiency 交換的效率the condition in which whatever the economy produces is distributed among individuals in an efficient way exchange rate 匯率the rate at which one currency (such as dollars) can be exchanged for another(such as marks, yen, or pounds) excise tax 貨物稅a tax on a particular good or service expected return 預(yù)期收益the average returna single number that bines the various possible returns per dollar invested with the chances that each of these returns will actually be paid exportled growth 出口導(dǎo)向型增長the strategy that government should encourage exports in which the country has a parative advantage to stimulate growthFFactors of production 生產(chǎn)要素The inputs used to produce goods and services Federal Reserve (Fed) 聯(lián)邦儲備The central bank of the United States Fiat money 法定貨幣Money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree Financial intermediaries 金融中介機構(gòu)Financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers Financial markets 金融市場Financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers Financial system 金融體系The group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person39。 Goods produced domestically and sold abroad Externality 外部性The impact of one person39。 The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages 效率工資Aboveequilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Efficient scale 有效規(guī)模The quantity of output that minimizes average total cost Elasticity 彈性A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants Equilibrium 均衡A situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance Equilibrium price 均衡價格The price that balances supply and demand Equilibrium quantity 均衡數(shù)量The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand Equity 平等The fairness of the distribution of wellbeing among the various buyers and sellers。 accordingly, investment decreases credit rationing 信貸配給credit is rationed when no lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or the amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of parable risk who are getting loans cross subsidization 交叉補貼the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in order to subsidize lower prices for another group DDeadweight loss 無謂損失The reduction in total surplus that results from a tax Demand curve 需求曲線A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Demand deposits 活期存款Balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check Demand schedule 需求表A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Depreciation 貶值A(chǔ) decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Depression 蕭條A severe recession Diminishing marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Diminishing returns 收益遞減The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers 喪失信心的工人Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job Discrimination 歧視The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics Diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟The property that longrun average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases Dominant strategy 優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)略A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players debt 債務(wù)capital, such as bonds and bank loans, supplied to a firm by lenders。 revenues also fall, but the money they owe creditors remains unchanged。s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays Consumption 消費Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing Cost 成本The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good Costbenefit analysis 成本—收益分析A study that pares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good Crowdingout effect 擠出效應(yīng)The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending Currency 通貨The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public Cyclical unemployment 周期性失業(yè)The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate capital gain 資本增值the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold capital market 資本市場the market in which savings are made available to investors categorical assistance 分類幫助public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled causation 因果關(guān)系relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one central planning 中央計劃the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government b