【正文】 nguages, which were beginning to be spoken clear back during the Stone Age. During the Stone Age, some IndoEuropean people lived on the islands of Britain. The earliest known of these British IndoEuropeans split into two groups called the Scots and the Celts. There was another group, who were not IndoEuropean, called Picts. Together these three peoples are known as Britons. The Britons were a fierce, Stone Age people constantly making war on each other. They dressed in animal skins, lived in caves or rude wooden huts. These people had their own languages. At the same time that the Stone Age Britons were living their warlike life, the Greeks, far to the east of them, were building a great civilization in Europe. Many of our ideas of art, literature, science, philosophy and government today e from the genius of these ancient people. As the Greek civilization reached a high point, another great civilization was being built in Italy by the Romans, whose language was Latin. When the Romans conquered Greece and made it part of their empire, they found a culture much older and far superior to their own. So they borrowed it. After conquering all of Europe, Rome invaded Britain and made it part of the empire, in 43 . Romans brought their advanced culture to the Britons. Not only did they bring their art, literature, law and the Latin language, they established schools, built buildings and roads and provided an army to protect themselves against invaders. Meanwhile, the Germanic peoples of northern Europe, known as “Norsemen” or “Northmen,” were developing another, separate European culture. Some groups of Norsemen came to be known as Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Goths. They were warriors, but also sailors and traders. In very early times the Angles and Saxons began to trade with the Celts in England. This was probably the first time the Britons came into contact with other peoples. 英語泛讀教程 3 (Unit 17 課文 ) ants05 6 During the four hundred years Britain was part of the Roman Empire, Rome was getting weaker and weaker, and the Norsemen were getting stronger and stronger. Finally they thundered through the Roman defenses along the northern boundaries of the empire. In addition to the attack from the north, Rome was invaded from the east by Mongols, from the south by the Moslems. Being attacked on all sides, Rome had to call back her armies to protect what was left of the empire. By AD 409, Rome had lost all control of Britain. As soon as the Roman armies pulled out of Britain, the Picts and Scots began to destroy the Celts. The Celts turned for help to the Angles and Saxons across the sea in Sweden and Denmark. The latter were quick to respond, because they loved war. They saved the Celts。溫斯頓 ?邱吉爾是英國一位偉大的首相，他同時也是一位偉大的作家，一個真正的語言大師。矮座椅沙發(fā)以一種奇怪的方式 來使用詞匯，這使它成為一個 “官樣文章 ”大師，而不是語言大師。 ” “問題是， ” 矮座椅沙發(fā)說， “誰是主人 僅此而已。 “我要用一個詞的時候， ” 矮座椅沙發(fā)用一種相當(dāng)輕蔑的口吻說， “我想讓它是什么意思它就是什么意思 恰如其分。如果每個人都這樣做的話，那么沒有人可以理解其他人了?！稅埯惤z漫游鏡中世界》的一個章節(jié)中，愛麗絲有一段與矮座椅沙發(fā)的對話，其中矮座椅沙 發(fā)堅持認(rèn)為：它想讓詞匯是什么意思 詞匯就是什么意思。 在劉易斯 ?卡羅爾寫書的年代， “官樣文章 ”一詞還沒有造出來，但是如果當(dāng)時已經(jīng)有這個詞的話，卡羅爾會知道它的確切含義的。不幸的是，許多人使用官樣文章，是因為他們想讓自己顯得比實際更重要，或者是因為他英語泛讀教程 3 (Unit 17 課文 ) ants05 5 們不想讓人們了解他們的真正意圖和他們的所作所為。不久前，有人造出了 gobbledygook(“官樣文章 ”)一詞。 Hornswoggle(隱瞞 )一詞十九世紀(jì)在美國被廣泛使用，表示 “欺騙 ”的意思。 Spoof(傻話、哄騙 )一詞是五十多年前由一個英國喜劇演員造出來的。 某些聲音似乎與所描述的事物或行為相 吻合，人們將它們組合起來創(chuàng)造出無意義的詞。字典中把這樣的詞稱為混合詞?？_爾告訴我們： Chortle 是吃吃地笑聲和噴鼻息兩個行為交叉在一起時發(fā)出的聲音。實際上，他造了一整套無實際意義的語言。沒人知道這個詞的出處是什么。誰發(fā)明的這些詞？何時何地發(fā)明的？這些至今仍是個謎。一些日常用的現(xiàn)代詞，如：壞、大、少年、少女、聊天、工作和有趣，可能就是幾個世紀(jì)前從無實際意義的詞開始的。另外一些詞被人們普遍接受，并且經(jīng)過一段時間的使用之后，永遠(yuǎn)成為英語的一部分。 另一種新造 的詞沒有實際意義。每天，我們都有科學(xué)和技術(shù)的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以人們創(chuàng)造新的詞匯去描述它們。 “biology”意思為對生命的研究。注意，圖表一詞除了本身是個后綴以外，還是另一個更長的后綴中的一部分。例如，你的老師可能想通過繪制一份閱讀測試分?jǐn)?shù)圖表來了解你的讀書過程，或者一個商人想通過繪制圖表來顯示他的公司銷售紀(jì)錄的變化。現(xiàn)以 “圖表 ”一詞為例，通過添加前綴和后綴，或者將它本身作為一個前綴或者后綴，可以用它造出許多不同的新詞來。其它的詞也可以成為詞根、前綴或者后英語泛讀教程 3 (Unit 17 課文 ) ants05 4 綴，這取決于它們在單詞里所處的位置。 Astro是希臘語前綴，意思為 “與星星有關(guān) ”； naut意思為 “與航行有關(guān) ”。像 “unkindness”一詞的詞根是 “kind”。這樣就很容易理解 “unhappiness”和 “unkindness”兩個詞的意思 了。后綴 ness 意思為 “…… 狀態(tài) ”。 Un意思為 “相反的 ”或者 “不 ”。例如，前綴 re意思為 “再 ”。大多數(shù)前綴和后綴來自拉丁語和希臘語， 而且它們都有自己特 別的意義。如果把 “玩耍 ”和 “物品 ”放在一起，我們就可以得到復(fù)合詞 “玩具 ”。一種新 造的詞是由另外兩個詞構(gòu)成的。 接下來是新造的詞。現(xiàn)舉例如下： 嗡嗡 滴答 砰砰 咕噥 喳喳 嚎啕 撲通 啪啪 嘀咕 咯咯 嚶 嚶 呼哧 對于上述單詞無需再作任何解釋，因為它們不言自明。在英語中像這樣的詞有許多。今天我們都喝用巴氏滅菌法消毒的牛奶，這種奶即清又純。余下的五分之一，一部分由外來詞組成，另外的部分由其它三種詞組成，它們是：表示人名 、地名的專有名詞；象聲詞以及新造的詞。新的詞語不斷進(jìn)入英語，其速度之快，大概沒有一本字典能跟得上。你知道這些詞是怎么產(chǎn)生的嗎？閱讀下文你就能找到造英語單詞的各種方法。s all. The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty used words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they e from。a nice knockdown argument39。 doesn39。t really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook. 英語泛讀教程 3 (Unit 17 課文 ) ants05 3 When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who used fancy, importantsounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else. The conversation goes like this: But 39。s life written by himself or herself graphology － study of handwriting telegraph － distant writing phonograph － writing or a picture in sound photograph － writing or a picture in light photography － art of taking pictures graphic － clearly written or drawn You may have noticed that you can make even