【正文】 be divided into four kinds as follows.① Official titles: zhuxi(主席)，zongli(總理), weiyuanzhang(委員長), buzhang(部長), shengzhang(省長), juzhang(局長), shuji(書記), yuan zhang(院長), zhuren(主任), etc.② Professional titles: jiaoshou(教授), fujiaoshou(副教授), yuanjiuyuan(研究員), etc.③ Academic titles: boshi(博士), shoushi(碩士).④ Military titles: yuanshuai(元帥), jiangjun(將軍), dajiang(大將), shangjiang(上將), zhongjiang(中將), shaojiang(少將), etc. Honorific appellationsHonorific appellations are appellations used for addressing people to show respect during social munication. In Chinese, there are some special ways to address the seniors or people of old age.(1) Lao + surname: laoli (老李), laolin(老林), laoye(老葉), etc.(2) Lao+surname + shifu/tongzhi: laozhaotongzhi(老趙同志), laolinshifu(老林師傅), laowangtongzhi(老王同志), etc.(3) Surname + lao: Wang lao(黃老), Chen lao(陳老), Zhao lao(趙老), etc.(4) One of the words in name + lao: Ye lao (葉老) (Ye sheng tao 葉圣陶), Shang lao(尚老) (Ding yi shang丁義尚), Jie lao (杰老) (Wang jie ren 黃杰仁), etc.(5) Name + lao ren: Bingxin laoren (冰心老人).(6) Surname + gong: Xia gong (Xia Ying) (夏公), Mao gong (Mao Dun) (茅公). Affectionate appellationsThis group of appellations words is used for addressing addressee whom the addresser knows well to show closeness within them.In Chinese, the forms of affectionate appellations are as follows.① Addressing the name directly: Li ying (麗英), Pei lan (佩蘭), Jia ming (家明), etc.② Addressing the full name directly: Wang Liying (王麗英), Wang Peilan (王佩蘭), Zhang Jiaming (張家明), etc.③ Xiao + surname: xiao li (小李), xiao song (小宋), xiao huang (小黃), etc.④ Name + er: Jun er (軍兒), Yan er (燕兒), etc.⑤ Da + surname: da jiang (大江), da li (大李), da zhong (大鐘), etc.⑥Some special terms: xiaohuozi (小伙子), xiaoguniang (小姑娘), xiaopengyou (小朋友), etc. ⑦ Addressing the nickname: pangzi (胖子), donggua (冬瓜), laogudong (老古董), etc. Fictive kin appellationsFictive kin appellations are appellations used for addressing people who has no kin relationship with the addresser during the social munication. It is a unique usage in Chinese. The main forms of fictive kin terms are as follows.(1) Xiao + kin appellation: xiaogege (小哥哥), xiaojiejie (小姐姐), xiaomeimei (小妹妹), etc. (2) Name + kin appellation: Zhigangge (志剛哥), Peilanjie (佩蘭姐), Liyingjie (麗英姐), Yuxiangdi (宇翔弟), etc.(3) Addressing kin appellation directly: yeye(爺爺), nainai(奶奶), bobo(伯伯) , shushu(叔叔), saozi(嫂子), meizi(妹子), etc. Categories of English appellationsIn general, English appellation system can also be divided into the following types, which are quite similar to Chinese appellation system. However, English appellation system is less plicated than Chinese appellation system. Communicative appellationsIn English, the widely used municative appellations are: Sir, Madam, Miss, Mr., Mrs. and Ms. The usage of these words can be divided into the following three aspects. (1) Used separately. Such as Sir, Madam and Miss are singly and specially used for strangers.(2) Mr. Mrs. Miss. and Ms. are usually used together with surname. Mr. Smith. Mrs. Johnson, Miss Hays, Ms. Green.(3) Mr. + official title/Military rank: Mr. President, Mr. Major. etc. Relative appellationsIn English there are much less relative appellation words than in Chinese, only a few relative appellation words are important in English: doctor, father, boss, etc. Doctor is for patients to address their doctors, father is for Christians to address the priest, and boss is for an employee to address his or her employer unless their relationship is close. Post and rank appellationsThe mon words are: professor, doctor, boss, etc. In English, this kind of appellations can be used for addressing someone you meet in the presence of him or her, but they are not usually used in official situation.a) Mr.+ Official titles: Mr. President, Mr. Ambassador, Mr. Senator, etc.b)Mr.+ military rank: Mr. Major, Mr. Captain, etc.c) Post and rank + surname: Professor Smith, Professor Clinton, etc.d) Academic degree + surname: Dr. Stevenson, etc. Honorific appellationsIn English, these kinds of words are: Sir, Lady, Lord, etc.In English, “Sir”, on some occasions, is used for addressing the old or people who are in high social position.“Lady” is used instead of “woman” to show respect for women. The English slang “Lady first” is an example to denote the meaning of respect.“Lord” is used for addressing nobles by adding surname to it, such as “Lord Smith”, “Lord Clinton”, etc. However, it can also be used in the expressions like “My Lord” or “Your Lordship” in face – to – face social munication. Affectionate appellationsIn English, this kind of appellation has three main forms as follows.a) Addressing the first name directly: Marry, John, David, etc.b) Using affectionate forms of appellation: Jack (Johnny), Sonial (Sonya), Davy (David) etc.c) Addressing nickname: Fatty, Skinny, Blimp, etc. Using nickname is also showing a kind of close relationship because it is usually used for addressing close.3. The similarities and differences between English and Chinese appellationsWith the above parison of Chinese appellation system with English appellation system，it can be seen that there are some similarities and differences between them. Similarities Kinship appellations Having only one corresponding appellationIn kinship appellation, both Chinese and English have only one corresponding appellation. For example, mother is the corresponding appellation for “muqin(母親)”, father is for “fuqin(父親)”,and son is for “erzi(兒子)”, etc. Social appellations Using“Mr.”, “Mrs.” and “Miss” as appellation“Mr.”, “Mrs.” and “Miss”, which have ever made great influence on Chinese, are used most frequently in English. Before 1949, “Mr.” had been used in Chinese society to address someone who had good reputation or high social position. Nowadays, as China’s reform and openup policies are developing further and further, “Mr.”, “Mrs.” and