【正文】 ole earth was covered with water, those sheltered in the ark being the only survivals. 8. The Prophets (先知 )： 1） For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as ―Prophets‖ or the spokesmen of ） Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. 3） The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.（分為大小先知） 9． The Book of Daniel（《但以理書》） ： 1） The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. 2)The book appeared in the early days of Jews’ revolt against the Syrian King Antiochus IV. 3) It is a story mixed with vision, describing how Daniel and his friends were taken prisoner to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem and how they refused to promise their faith. 10． The Edict of Milan（米蘭赦令） : 1) Roman emperor Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle for the throne, so he issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 2) It granted religious freedom to all, made Christianity legal. 11． The four accounts in the New Testament（四福音書） : 1) The four accounts are the first four books in the New Testament. 2) They were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers. 3) They tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. 12． King James’ version of Bible（欽定版本圣經(jīng)） : 1） As the most important and influential of English Bible, it is also called the ―Authorized‖ version. 2) It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the mand of King James, and was published in 1611. 3) With its simple, majestic AngloSaxon tongue, it is know as the greatest book in the English language. Division Three The Middle Ages 1． the Middle ages（中世紀(jì)）（北京市 2020 年自考真題名詞解釋） : 1) In European history, the thousandyear period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle )The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only anization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian ) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the ―Age of Faith‖. 2． Feudalism（封建主義） ： 1） Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2） The word ―feudalism‖ was derived from the Latin ―feudum‖, a grant of land. 3． Fiefs（封地，采邑） ： 1） In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2） The subdivisions were called fiefs. 4. vassals（諸侯） : 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called ) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals. 5. Code of Chivalry (騎士制度 ): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. 6. dubbing (騎士頭銜加冕儀式 ) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing. 7. The Manor (莊園 )： 1） The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2） Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3） By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles. 8． The Catholic Church(天主教 ): 1) In the medieval ― age of faith‖, almost all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church. 2) The word ―catholic‖ meant ―universal‖ 3) The Catholic Church was highly centralized and disciplined international anization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church courtthe Inquisition to stamp out socalled heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman Catholic Church. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking. 9． Monasticism (修道院制度 ): 1） Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 ., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries（修道院） and convents (女修道院 ) for monks and nuns. 3） Some of the hermits were great scholars known as ―Father of the Church‖, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict. Rule(本尼迪克特教團(tuán) )： 1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at ) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery. 11. holy munion（圣餐） : 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man. 12． The Crusades（十字軍東征）（北京市 2020 年自考真題名詞解釋） : 1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused grea