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【正文】 學(xué)生注射疫苗。 ? marketbased policies. … 以市場為基礎(chǔ)的政策。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Why Private Solutions Do Not Always Work 為什么私下解決方式不能總是有效 Sometimes the private solution approach fails because transaction costs can be so high that private agreement is not possible. 有時候，交易成本很高而不可能私下達(dá)成協(xié)議，因此私下方式不能解決外部性問題 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?交易成本 ?交易成本 —— 各方在協(xié)商達(dá)成與遵守協(xié)議過程中所發(fā)生的成本。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Coase Theorem ? The Coase Theorem is a proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own. ? Transactions Costs ?Transaction costs are the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Private Solutions to Externalities 外部性的私人解決方法 Government action is not always needed to solve the problem of externalities. 并不總是需要政府行為 來解決外部性問題 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?Subsidies are the primary tools used to internalize positive externalities. 補貼是將正外部性內(nèi)在化的首選手段。 ? 專利制度將 外部性內(nèi)在化 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ? 技術(shù)政策 ?政府旨在促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的經(jīng)濟干預(yù) ? 專利保護(hù) 是一種技術(shù)政策。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Positive Externalities ? Internalizing Externalities: Subsidies ?Used as the primary method for attempting to internalize positive externalities. ? Industrial Policy ?Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote technologyenhancing industries ? Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention. ? The patent is then said to internalize the externality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?物品的社會價值大于私人價值。 ?社會最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量比市場均衡產(chǎn)量多。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Positive Externalities The intersection of the supply curve and the socialvalue curve determines the optimal output level. ?The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity. ?The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable. ?The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Positive Externalities 正外部性 A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole. 一個企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新或設(shè)計不僅給本企業(yè)帶來效益，還會增加社會的技術(shù)知識存量，給全社會帶來效益，也就是說創(chuàng)新和設(shè)計存在著 技術(shù)溢出效應(yīng)， 技術(shù)溢出效應(yīng)是一種正外部性 Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum Copyright 169。 ?The social value of the good exceeds the private value. 物品的社會價值大于私人價值。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derive
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