跨文化交流與談判ppt課件-文庫吧資料
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【正文】 , high context Personal Focus is on the speaker and personal relationships Low power distance, individualistic, low context Affective vs. instrumental Affective Language is process oriented and receiver focused Collective, high context Instrumental Language is goal oriented and sender focused Individualistic, low context 7 Communication Process and Verbal Communication Styles ? Indirect and direct styles ? In highcontext cultures, messages are implicit and indirect ? Voice intonation, timing, and facial expressions play important roles in conveying information ? In lowcontext cultures, people often meet only to acplish objectives and tend to be direct and focused in their munications Verbal munication styles (continued) 8 Communication Process and Verbal Communication Styles ? Elaborate and succinct styles ? Three degrees of munication quantity— elaborate, exacting, and succinct. ? The elaborating style is more popular in highcontext cultures that have a moderate degree of uncertainty avoidance ? The exacting style focuses on precision and the use of the right amount of words to convey the message and is more mon in lowcontext, lowuncertaintyavoidance cultures ? The succinct style is more mon in highcontext cultures with considerable uncertainty avoidance where people tend to say few words and allow understatements, pauses, and silence to convey meaning. Verbal munication styles (continued) 9 Communication Process and Verbal Communication Styles ? Contextual and personal styles ? Contextual style is one that focuses on the speaker and relationship of the parties ? Contextual style is often associated with highpowerdistance, collective, highcontext cultures ? Personal style focuses on the speaker and the reduction of barriers between the parties ? Personal style is more popular in lowpowerdistance, individualistic, lowcontext cultures Verbal munication styles (continued) 10 Communication Process and Verbal Communication Styles ? Affective and instrumental styles ? Affective style is mon in collective, highcontext cultures and is characterized by language that requires the listener to note what is said and to observe how the message is presented ? The meaning is often nonverbal and requires the receiver to use his or her intuitive skills to decipher the message ? Instrumental style is goal oriented and focuses on the sender who clearly lets the other party know what he or she wants the other party to know. ? The instrumental style is more monly found in individualistic, lowcontext cultures Verbal munication styles (continued) 11 Summary of Verbal Styles 12 Communication Flows ? Downward munication ? Transmission of information
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