【正文】 ，比對(duì)四種中微量元素對(duì)水稻品質(zhì)的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，將四種元素不同配比施用時(shí)水稻稻米的加工與營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)均有提高，精米率與整精米率可提高 8 %與16 %，除部分處理對(duì)加工品質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì)含量有顯著差異外，其他堊白度，堊白粒率以及直鏈淀粉含量均影響不大 [22]。殷大偉也研究不同硅鎂鋅施用量對(duì)兩個(gè)寒地水稻品種的影響發(fā)現(xiàn)，稻米的蛋白質(zhì)含量與食味值與硅鎂鋅施用量呈二次曲線關(guān)系，且品質(zhì)最佳的施用量為 240 kg/h㎡；空育 131 比墾粳 1 號(hào)對(duì)鋅肥的需求量更大；通過三種肥料對(duì)直鏈淀粉含量影響比較，硅鎂 鋅[62]。不同水稻品種對(duì)中微量元素的響應(yīng)不一。張翠翠等比較腐殖酸葉面肥、氨基酸葉面肥、微量元素葉面肥和含調(diào)節(jié)劑葉面肥四種葉面肥有機(jī)肥，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，四種葉面肥均能提高水稻產(chǎn)量，并提高蛋白質(zhì)含量以及精米率與整精米率 [60]。凌啟鴻等研究生物有機(jī)肥用量時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)， t/h㎡中等用量既能提高產(chǎn)量，又能提高稻米的外觀與食味品質(zhì) [59]。有機(jī)肥對(duì)不同品種水稻稻米品種的影響報(bào)道較少。不同的有機(jī)肥料對(duì)水稻稻米品質(zhì)的改善也是不一樣的。王顯等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，生物有機(jī)肥處理相比于單施尿素處理，不僅能夠提高產(chǎn)量，還可以提升稻米的加工、外觀和營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)，使水稻的出糙率、精米率和整精米率均顯著提高，稻米的堊白度大大降低了，提高了蛋白質(zhì)含量 [56]。葉定池研究表明，鉀肥施肥比例（基肥 60%，分蘗肥 20%，穗肥 20%）水稻增產(chǎn)幅度最大，顯著提高水稻稻米加工與外觀品質(zhì)并優(yōu)化支鏈和直連淀粉含量的比例 [54]。而才碩在研究雙季早稻陸兩優(yōu) 996 和雙季晚稻天優(yōu)華兩種品種時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，穗肥增施鉀肥能夠顯著提高陸雙優(yōu) 996 的加工與外觀品質(zhì)，但對(duì)天優(yōu)華占沒有什么改善 [15]。不同水稻品種下增施鉀肥對(duì)稻米品質(zhì)影響也響應(yīng)不一。此外，在鉀肥的施用方式來看，葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀對(duì)提升稻米品質(zhì)的效果也是非常不錯(cuò)的。稻米中的氮主要存在形式是銨態(tài)氮與酰胺態(tài)氮，缺鉀的條件下會(huì)導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和食味性的大大降低 [52]。一般來說，鉀素往往是通過改善水稻葉片形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和生理特性來提高光合強(qiáng)度和光合產(chǎn)物累積，最終改善水稻稻米品質(zhì)。程建峰等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，雜交早稻的膠稠度對(duì)增施氮肥一定范圍內(nèi)的響應(yīng)并不顯著 [50]。不同的水稻品種對(duì)氮素的響應(yīng)也是表現(xiàn)不一。然而，也有研究表明增施氮肥會(huì)提高稻米堊白粒率和堊白度 [46]，這可能是超過了最適氮量。施氮量對(duì)水稻稻米品質(zhì)也有一定影響。平宏和則研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在灌漿初期會(huì)引起稻米的食味性變差 [41]。李木英等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，孕穗后期追施氮肥能夠顯著提高糙米蛋白質(zhì)含量 [39]。追究其原因，在灌漿期追施氮肥可以提高根系活力，阻止葉片衰老，并大大提高光合強(qiáng)度，顯著增加籽粒容重、稻米精米率、整精米率 [36]，且在一定范圍內(nèi)，增施氮肥后移比重增大，顯著降低稻米堊白度和堊白粒率 [37]。施氮時(shí)期對(duì)水稻品質(zhì)有一定的影響。 氮肥調(diào)控對(duì)水稻品質(zhì)的影響氮素調(diào)控是影響水稻品質(zhì)最主要的因素之一。陳金瓊等 [33]在重慶市江津地區(qū)布置中微量元素硅鎂鋅試驗(yàn)，明確了中微量元素在此地區(qū)的臨界值，并發(fā)現(xiàn)在合理施用氮磷鉀肥的基礎(chǔ)上，增施硅鋅能夠促進(jìn)水稻分蘗，顯著提高成穗率與水稻干物質(zhì)量，最終提高水稻產(chǎn)量，但增施鎂肥會(huì)減少成穗數(shù)，提高了空癟率。另有研究比較不同物料有機(jī)質(zhì)對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量的影響，水稻產(chǎn)量增產(chǎn)效果依次為：紫云英 油菜 黑麥 [32]。廖育林等 [30]也有類似結(jié)果，發(fā)現(xiàn)稻草長(zhǎng)期還田對(duì)雙季早晚稻的增產(chǎn)效果，早晚稻平均增產(chǎn) %和 %。長(zhǎng)期施用有機(jī)肥能夠提高水稻產(chǎn)量。劉立軍等 [27]研究表明，水稻中后期增施氮肥能夠提高水稻花后氮素吸收量和比例，提高花后干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移，大大增加產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率。不同基礎(chǔ)肥力的土壤上水稻的最高產(chǎn)量施氮量有所不同，在中等肥力的土壤，施氮量低于 kg/h㎡范圍內(nèi)，增施氮肥可以顯著提高水稻中后期干物質(zhì)累積量 [25]，在南方中低土壤也表現(xiàn)出類似結(jié)果，施氮量在 0~240 kg/h㎡的范圍內(nèi)增施氮肥產(chǎn)量顯著提高 [26]。 養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量與肥料利用率的影響水稻產(chǎn)量與氮素密切相關(guān)。大量研究表明，硅是水稻吸收最多的元素，其吸收量超過了氮磷鉀吸收量總和，而且水稻產(chǎn)量越高，吸硅量越大 [20]。劉家龍等 [19]進(jìn)一步提出了最佳有機(jī)肥與化肥的適宜施用量范圍，商品有機(jī)質(zhì)（有機(jī)質(zhì)含量 56%，氮含量 2%）施用量 t/h㎡配施氮 255 kg/h㎡水稻產(chǎn)量最高。但單一施用有機(jī)肥不利于產(chǎn)量的提高，需配施一定量的化肥。但也有研究 [17]表明，在缺鉀稻田上在基肥和分蘗期重施鉀肥效果最好，能夠顯著提高水稻分蘗量與生物量，而中后期追施鉀肥效果不佳。才碩等 [15]研究表明，將 30%的鉀肥作為穗肥比一次性全施能夠顯著提高群體成穗率，有利于花后物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移，降低根系衰老，對(duì)抗倒伏也有一定促進(jìn)作用。鉀肥對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)也有很重要的作用，而且在水稻中后期追施鉀肥效果最佳。胡承太等 [11]進(jìn)一步研究認(rèn)為，不同品種下施氮量與水稻葉面積指數(shù)的表現(xiàn)不一，呈直線或者曲線關(guān)系，粳稻葉面積增加在高氮條件下顯著小于秈稻。因此，本研究以建三江七星農(nóng)場(chǎng)為研究區(qū)域，探討主栽品種龍慶稻 3 號(hào)和三江 6 號(hào)不同養(yǎng)分管理下產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的差異及機(jī)理，為兩品種高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)養(yǎng)分管理提供理論依1 / 42據(jù)和技術(shù)支持 國內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展 養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)的影響在養(yǎng)分管理中氮素是水稻生育過程中的最重要的因素。然而，針對(duì)養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)品質(zhì)的影響的研究也不一致。歸復(fù)記與中微量元素（硅鋅肥）均對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)有一定影響，而如何與化肥進(jìn)行配施，最佳施用量是多少，是否能夠減少氮肥的施用等這些問題在建三江寒地水稻生產(chǎn)研究相對(duì)較少，且不同養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)寒地水稻稻米品質(zhì)的研究更加缺乏，因此，本研究選擇有機(jī)肥、硅肥和鋅肥與化肥配施，研究不同養(yǎng)分管理對(duì)寒地水稻產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)的影響。這些年由于國內(nèi)糧食需求壓力不斷增加，國內(nèi)對(duì)建三江墾區(qū)寒地水稻的要求也越來越高，一味地追求水稻高產(chǎn)，施肥量過大，從而導(dǎo)致了土壤質(zhì)量下降、病蟲害加重、抗倒伏能力下降、水稻品種下降等諸多問題。因此，如何提高稻米品質(zhì)已成為現(xiàn)階段水稻生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)重要問題。我國水稻的生產(chǎn)能力對(duì)我國和世界都非常重要，單產(chǎn)水平可以達(dá)到 t/h㎡，是世界單產(chǎn)水平的 倍（FAOSTAT, 2022） [2]。關(guān)鍵詞：七星農(nóng)場(chǎng)；生物有機(jī)肥；硅；鋅；水稻品質(zhì)I / 42AbstractHigh yield and good quality of rice in cold area are not only influenced by geic factors, but also by the environment and the cultivation technique during the rice growth. So it is the result of geic and environmental interactions. The area of rice growth in Jiansanjiang is more than 10 million mu, which is accounting for % of farming areas of Heilongjiang Province and % of rice growing area in Heilongjiang Province. The yield and quality of rice in Jiansanjiang are very important for rice growing in Heilongjiang Province. Therefore, the study for effects of different nutrient management on rice yield and quality in Qixing farm is needed. In this study, we conducted field plot experiments in the research and development center of Qixing farm in 2022 and Longqingdao 3 and Sanjiang 6 used as the study rice varieties. The 5 different nutrient management treatments were set up. The results were as follows:Two varieties of high yield cultivation model was conventional fertilization and increasing biological anic fertilizer treatment. Two varieties of rice in increased biological anic fertilizer treatment can significantly improve the tillering number, leaf area index, aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake, and the panicle number per hectare and grain number per spike of botnrice varieties. Eventually yield and partial factor productivity for nitrogen (PFPN) were significantly increased. Moreover, Increase biological anic fertilizer and decreased N treatment was no difference with conventional fertilization treatment for rice yield, but the PFPN was significantly increased and disease resistance were also significantly improved.In addition, the quality of the rice under increasing biological anic fertilizer treatment had no significant difference from the of fertilizer nitrogen 20% had a tendency to improve rice quality of both varieties of rice, cultivation mode of high quality to reduce nitrogen 20% + increased 300 kg/hm2 adapt to Guifuji biological anic fertilizer rates + base zinc fertilizer 5 kg/hm2 processing and reduce nitrogen 20% + increased 300 kg/hm2 adapt to remember biological anic fertilizer rates + spraying silicon fertilizer L/hm2.Increasing zinc (Zn) fertilizer treatment could significantly increase the stem tillering number, leaf area index, aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake. Eventually the panicle number per hectare was finally significantly higher. Rice yield for both varieties had increased trend, but no significantly. In addition, increasing Zn fertilizer treatment can significantly improve the quality of rice for two varieties.Spraying on the leaf of anic silicon fertilizer can significantly reduce the two varieties of rice plant height, Browning incidence and disease index. Rice leaf area index, aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake and ha panicles, spraying on the leaf anic silicon processing relative to not spraying process has increased trend, but the difference was not significant, eventually did not increase significantly. And spraying silicon fertilizer can significantly improve the quality of paddy rice, and after spraying silicon fertilizer Longqingdao 3 improves