【正文】 hat are consistent and valuemaximizing within specified constraints.前后一致的，追求特定條件下價值最大化的選擇。decision criteria: 決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：criteria that define what’s relevant in a decision.決定什么與制定決策有關(guān)。decision—making process: 決策制定過程 A set of eight steps including identifying a problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.一個包括識別問題，選擇備案方案以及最終評估決策的結(jié)果等8個步驟的過程。1Code of ethics: 道德準(zhǔn)則A formal statement of an organization’s primary values and the ethical rules it expects its 是表明一個組織期望雇員遵守的基本價值觀和道德規(guī)則的正式文件。1Ego strength: 自我強度 A personality measure of a person’s convictions. 是衡量個人自信心強度的一種個性尺度。1Integrative social contracts theory: 社會契約整合理論A view of ethics proposes that ethical decisions should be based normative (what should be) factors.這種觀點認(rèn)為應(yīng)該根據(jù)實證因素（是什么）和規(guī)范因素（應(yīng)當(dāng)是什么）制定道德決策。1rights view pf ethics：道德的權(quán)利觀A view of ethics that’s concerned with respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges.是關(guān)注于尊重和保護個人自由和特權(quán)的觀點，包括隱私權(quán)，思想權(quán)，言論自由，生命安全以及法律規(guī)定的各種權(quán)利。Ethics: 道德Rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct.是指規(guī)定行為是非的規(guī)則和原則。Valuesbased management: 以價值觀念為基礎(chǔ)的管理 An approach to managing in which managers establish, promote, and practice an organization’s shared values.是管理者建立，推行和實踐組織共享價值觀的一種管理方式。Social responsibility: 社會責(zé)任 A business firm’s obligation. Beyond that required by low and economic, to pursue longterm goals that are good for society.定義為企業(yè)追求有利于社會的長遠目標(biāo)的一種義務(wù)，它超越了法律和經(jīng)濟所要求的義務(wù).Social obligation: 社會義務(wù)The obligation of a business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities.是指一個企業(yè)承擔(dān)其經(jīng)濟。2Organizational socialization: 組織社會化The process that employees go through to adapt to an organization′s culture.是指雇員適應(yīng)組織文化所經(jīng)歷的過程。2Quality of life : 生活的質(zhì)量A national culture attribute that reflects the emphasis and concern for others.一種重視人與人之間的關(guān)系，并表現(xiàn)出對他人幸福的敏感和關(guān)心的民族文化。2Uncertainty avoidance : 不確定性規(guī)避A cultural measure of the degree to which people tolerate risk and unconventional behavior. 衡量人們承受風(fēng)險和非傳統(tǒng)行為的程度的文化尺度。Collectivism : 集體主義A cultural dimension that describes when people expert others in their group to look after them and to protect them when they are in trouble . 人們希望群體中的其他人再他們有困難時幫助并保護他們的一種文化維度。1National culture : 民族文化The values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and beliefs about what is important.是指一個國家的居民共有的價值觀，這些價值觀塑造了他們的行為以及他們看待世界的方式。1Joint venture : 合資企業(yè)An approach to going global that is a specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate ,independent organization for some business purpose.是一種特殊的戰(zhàn)略同盟，即雙方為了某個企業(yè)目標(biāo)，一致同意成立一個自主經(jīng)營，獨立的組織。1Franchising : 特許證貿(mào)易An approach to going global by service organizations that involves giving other organizations the right to use your brand name ,technology ,or product specifications.通過一次性支付或按銷售提取一定費用，從而給予其他組織商標(biāo)，技術(shù)或產(chǎn)品規(guī)范的服務(wù)業(yè)組織的使用權(quán)。1Importing : 進口 An approach to going global by manufacturing organizations that involves giving other organizations the right to use your brand name, technology, or product specifications. 把海外制造的產(chǎn)品銷往國外。Borderless organization : 無國界組織A global type of organization in which artificial geographical barriers are eliminated.消除人為地理界限的一種全球性組織。Multinational corporation (MNC) : 多國公司A pany that maintains significant operations in multiple countries but manages them from a base in the home country.在多個國家擁有重要的運營單位，但以母國為基地進行管理的組織。North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定An agreement among the Mexican, Canadian, and US. governments in which barriers to free trade have been eliminated.由墨西哥，加拿大和美國政府就消除自由貿(mào)易壁壘所達成的協(xié)定。Geocentric attitude : 全球中心論 A world oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.一種全球取向觀點即在世界范圍內(nèi)選用最佳方式和最優(yōu)秀的人才。Ethnocentric attitude: 多國中心論The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.認(rèn)為東道主的管理人員知道經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)的最佳工作方式和慣例。1Workplace spirituality: 工作場所的精神境界A recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of munity一種對生命內(nèi)在意義的認(rèn)識，這種認(rèn)識培育了團體環(huán)境下工作的意義，同時也受到后者的滋養(yǎng)Chapter 4 Managing in a global EnvironmentParochialism : 狹隘主義A narrow view of the world。1Boundary spanning：跨域管理 Interacting in specific ways with various external stakeholders to gather and disseminate important information.采用更具體的方式與各種外部利益相關(guān)者開展互動合作，以收集和傳播重要的信息。Environmental plexity：環(huán)境復(fù)雜性 The number of ponents in an organization’s environment and the extent of an organization’s knowledge about its environmental ponents.組織環(huán)境中的要素數(shù)量以及組織所擁有的與這些要素相關(guān)的知識廣度。General environment ：一般環(huán)境 Broad external conditions that may affect the organization.包括可能影響組織的廣泛的經(jīng)濟條件；政治/法律條件；社會文化條件；技術(shù)條件和全球條件。External environment ：外部環(huán)境 Outside institutions or forces that potentially affect an organization’s performance.指能夠?qū)M織績效造成潛在影響的外部力量和機構(gòu)。Strong culture ：強文化 Organizations in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared.強烈擁有并廣泛共享基本價值觀的文化。Organizational culture：組織文化A system of shared meaning within an organization that determines in large degree how employees act.組織成員共有的價值和體系。Chapter3 Organizational Culture and Environment:The ConstraintsOmnipotent view of management：管理萬能論：The view that managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.管理者對組織的成敗負有直接責(zé)任。2Learning organization：學(xué)習(xí)型組織An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.具有發(fā)展持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)變革的能力的組織。1Intranet：企業(yè)內(nèi)部網(wǎng)An internal organizational munication system that uses internet technology and is accessible only by organizational employees..一種組織內(nèi)部的交流系統(tǒng)，它利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)但是只允許組織內(nèi)部人員進入該網(wǎng)絡(luò)，與處于全球各個場所的部門和人員進行交流。它描述了一個有組織通過電子聯(lián)結(jié)與它的關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者開展工作的方式，以便更有效率和更有效果地實現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)。1Entrepreneurship：創(chuàng)業(yè)精神 The process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts a