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one old lady, the bus was empty 除了一位老太太之外,公共汽車空無一人。 如:But for /without the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey 要不是下雨, 我們會有一交愉快的旅行。用于句首,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣。如:It went on raining day after day 雨一連下了好幾天。如:The situation changes day by day 形式每天都在變化。day by day, day after day二者均表示“一天又一天”“天天”之意,但用法不同。表示某人做某事只能用It is probable that ,也不能接不定式或不定式的復合結構。probable表示“很能可能, 大概“,比possible 可能性大,往往指有依據(jù)或邏輯上的合情合理的可能性。如:It is possible that doctor may want you to have an Xray 醫(yī)生也許會要求你做X光檢查。(=It is likely that he will arrive a bit late )possible指客觀上有可能性,但含有希望很小的意味, 不能用人做主語。常以be likely to do或者It is likely that 的形式出現(xiàn)。likely側重從表面跡象看某人有可能做某事或某事有可能發(fā)生。by the day意為“按天計算”如:She ‘s paid by the day 她按日取酬。by day意為“白天”。如:The lecture was deadly boring 那講座真是乏味極了。如:she is bored with her job 她對自己的工作不感興趣。bored, boring 二者均為形容詞,含義相似,但用法不同。如:I am to blame 是我不好。如:Blame me if I do 我要是這樣做,隨你怎么辦好了。The teacher tapped her fingers on the desk impatiently 女教師不耐煩地用手指輕敲著桌子。tap一般指用手、腳輕輕拍打的意思,“輕敲”。如:The ship struck a rock and started to sink 船撞在礁石上開始下沉。The ball hit the window 球打在窗子上。常用于口語。You can hear its heart beating 你能聽見它心臟在跳動。如:His father beat him for being disobedient 他父親因他不聽話而打他。beat著重指“連續(xù)地擊打”,如毆打或體罰,也指有游戲,競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方。如:He was attracted by her smile.他為她的微笑所吸引。如:He was struck by her air of confidence.他被她那種信心十足的樣子所感染。be struck by, be attracted by 二者均可表示“被……吸引”,但后面接的詞不一樣。thanks to 是名詞短語,在句中均作狀語。owing to 是形容詞短語。because of 是介詞短語。Madam Curie gained /won a second Nobel prize for her research in 1911 居里夫人于1911年再次獲得諾貝爾獎。在某些情況下, 可與win 互換。如:They won the game 他贏得這場比賽。Win表示在競爭中取得勝利,它常跟的賓語有:game ,match, battle, prize, war victory, election, fame等, 不能接 “人“做賓語。After a long campaign, the Duke of Wellington’s army defeated Napoleon 經(jīng)過長時間的戰(zhàn)役,威靈頓公爵的軍隊戰(zhàn)勝了拿破侖。但它們的賓語必須是“人”或一個集體,如:team, a class, a school等。beat與defeat是一組同義詞,beat側重游戲,比賽;defeat尤指在戰(zhàn)場上打敗敵人。如:We shall prove worthy of the Party’s trust 我們將不辜負黨對我們的信任。如:The plan is worthy to be considered 這個計劃值得考慮。It isn’t worth waiting for him 不值得等候他。be worth doing sth中worth是一個表語形容詞,其后可直接名詞,代詞或動詞的ving形式,但當主語是物,常以ving的主動形式表被動意義。如:Mother was late with lunch So I wa late for school 媽媽做午飯晚了,所以我上學遲到了。如:He came late to school 他上學遲到了。如:We were late for the train 我們來晚了,未趕上火車。be late for, e late to , be late in , be late with以上詞組均有“遲于,遲到做某事”的含義,但仍有不同。be known to意為“為某人所熟知”, 介詞to后的名詞或代詞表示為“誰”所知。China is known for it long history 中國以其悠久的歷史而著名。be known for 意為“因 而出名”,for表示原因。be known by意為“憑 而知”,by表示手段或標準。如:He was well known as a good doctor 大家公認他是一位好醫(yī)生。be known as , be known by ,be known for , be known to 以上幾個詞組都包含known,意義很相近,但仍有不同。如:The enemy got beaten 敵人挨了揍。如:The cup was broken by the boy 這個杯子是補這個小男孩打碎的。如:When will work be pleted on the new road 新道路的工和何時完成?be done, get done二者均可表示被動語態(tài),但具體含義有所不同。be plete中的plete是形容詞。如:She struck him with her hand.她用手打了他。如:He hit me in the stomach.他打我的肚子。如:His father beat him for being disobedient.他父親因他不聽話而打他。beat, hit , strike三者都有“打”的意思,但含義不同。win 它的賓語通常是比賽、辯論、戰(zhàn)斗、獎品、錢等。defeat 它的賓語也是表示人的詞。beat 它的賓語應是表示人的詞。如:He sat down 她坐了下來。She seated a baby on her knees 她讓孩子坐在膝上。如:The hall seats 200 這大廳能容納二百人。please be seated 請坐。如:He was seated 他坐著。be seated, seat oneself /sb ,be sitting, sit以上詞匯均有“就座”之意,但含義仍有區(qū)別。fall in love with 表示戀愛的動作。be in love with 表示戀愛的狀態(tài)。如:The wind went down toward sunset.太陽下山時風停了,看來明天是好天氣。如:She is going to get married newt month.他打算下個月結婚。如:He was just about to leave when the telephone rang.他正要離開時,電話鈴聲響了。如:He is about to leave.他就要離開了。(含有事先安排或雙方事先約好的意思)be about to do 指最近的將來, 常譯為“即將”“就要”表示動作“馬上就要發(fā)生”,后面不能接時間狀語。be to do sth. 表示人的“意志,計劃,安排”等。The death of her pet cat broke her up.她心愛的貓咪死去,使她精神頹喪。如:Their marriage broke up. 他們的婚姻破裂了。Your health will break down if you work too hard.你工作過度會損害健康。 如:The police broke the door down.警察把門砸開了。 壞掉之意。如:The old cars were broken down /up for their parts.拆掉舊汽車,以 取得零部件。如:You don’t have to worry about that.你不必為那事操心。如:She seems very worried about something.她像是在為什么事犯愁。be worried about sth./sb., worry about sth./sb.二者都表示“擔心,擔憂”之意,但有所不同。be afraid for sth. 表示“替……擔心”。be afraid of doing 。be afraid to do sth. 側重表示“不敢做某事”。be afraid of sth/sb. 表示“害怕某人或某物”。如:He was not satisfied with the result.他對那個結果感到不滿意。be content with sth. 表示沒有什么特別值得一提的牢騷和不滿的事情,“滿足的,甘心的”。be content to do sth., be content with sth., be satisfied with sth.以上三個詞組都含有“對……感到滿意“的意思,但仍有不同。表示“扛、背、運”等。fetch 表示到某處去把某人找到并帶來,或把某物找到并取來,相當于go and bring。表示“帶走,拿走”。如:Bring your friend to the party.帶你的朋友來參加聚會。如:Is there anybody about?附近有人嗎?bring, take , fetch, carry四個詞都可表示“拿”,但在用法和意義上有所不同。如:The Earth turns round once in 24 hours.地球24小時處轉一圈。round 多與動態(tài)動詞連用。around多與狀態(tài)動詞連用。如:We are (just) about to leave.我們(剛剛)正準備離開。如:I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang.我正要走時,電話鈴響了。如:masses of ice 大塊大塊的浮冰at the point of , on the point of , be about to do sth.這三組詞組都可表示“即將……”,但在不同語境中,以及后面接的詞也不同。a mass of 表示“一堆…”。如:a sheet of newspaper一張報紙an article of 表示“一件”常接衣物等詞。a piece of 常指“一張、一件、一首”。如:The manual is full of useful tips.這本手冊里有很多實用的小建議。idea 是可數(shù)名詞,表示“主意、念頭”。view 是可數(shù)名詞,表示某人的主觀性看法、主張與opinion用法相同,但opinion 可用做不可數(shù)名詞。表示對某人提出主觀性的建議。如:a piece of advice 一條意見Acting on her advice, I decided to give up smoking.遵守她的意見,我決定戒煙。advice , idea, view, opinion, suggestion這幾個詞分別有“意見”之意,但用法有所不同。action 則較 act抽象,一般指復雜的、長期的“行為、活動”,包括不同的步驟,強調做某事的方法或過程,說明某事正在進行。act 一般指較簡單的、短暫的、具體的“行為”。如:a lone tree in the garden.園子里唯一的一棵樹。如:He has been very lonely since his wife left him.處從妻子離開他之后,他一直非常孤寂。lonely adj. 則帶有感情色彩,表示“孤寂的,寂寞的”。alone adj./adv. 只表示“單獨的(地),帶有感情色彩。street 則指“街道,馬路”。avenue 主要指城市中的“大街,林陰道”,尤指通向房子的兩旁有樹的小路, 還可指“方法,途徑”。如:He was the second to arrive.他是第二個到達的。如:Do it a second time. 再做一次。a second ,the second 二者都有“第二次”的含義,但用法不同。如:The baby weighed seven j