【正文】 Verbal process: the range element expresses the class, quality, or quantity of what is said. She speaks German. (class) He asked a difficult question. (quality) He made a log speech. (quantity) Circumstances Extent and Location Manner (Means, Quality and Comparison) Cause (Reason, Purpose and Behalf) Acpaniment Matter Role 1. Extent and Location Extent is related with the notion of distance and duration (a stretch, a period) whereas Location is related with the notion of place and time (a spot, a point). Both of them can express spatial and temporal meanings. He walked two miles. (Extent: spatial) He stayed for two weeks. (Extent: temporal) He studied in the classroom. (Location: spatial) He gets up at six o’clock. (Location: temporal) 2. Manner Manner consists of three subcategories: Means, Quality, Comparison. (1a) The pig was beaten with the stick. (1b) She beat the pig with the stick. (2a) The pig was beaten by a stick. (2b) The stick beat the pig. Means refers to the means or instruments whereby a process takes place. instrument actor, agent 2. Manner Quality represents various meanings such as degree. . It puzzled him too much. Comparison represents the meaning of similarity or difference. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with like or unlike. . He worked like a slave. He signed his name differently. 3. Cause Three subcategories: Reason, Purpose, and Behalf. Behalf represents entity, ―on whose behalf or for whose sake the action is undertaken‖. He died of starvation. (Cause: Reason) Let’s go for a walk. (Cause: Purpose) He put in a word on John’s behalf. (Cause: Behalf) Reason represents the reason for which a process takes place. Purpose represents the purpose for which a process takes place. 4. Acpaniment This semantic element represents the meanings and (positive acpaniment), not (negative acpaniment) as circumstantials. It is expressed by prepositions or prepositional phrase, . with, without, instead of. . He came with/without her. He came instead of her. He set out with/without his umbrella. This element corresponds to the interrogative ―what about?‖ and is expressed by prepositions or prepositional phrase, . about, concerning, with reference to. . I worry about her health. They are talking about the weather. 6. Role The element corresponds to the interrogative ―what is?‖ and is expressed by prepositions and prepositional phrase, . as, by way of. . I came here as a friend. They leave the place untidy by way of protest. Voice 在功能語法中，語態(tài)交待某一過程首先與哪一個參與者建立聯(lián)系。 the leader is Tom. Tomorrow is the 10th。 2. A system is finite 3. The meaning of each term in a system depend on the meaning of other terms in the same system. Entry conditions: Terms or options Functional Grammar Three metafunctions ideational function: language construes human experience interpersonal function: language enacts human relationships textual function: language creates discourse Ideational function The ideational function is to express our experiences of both the physical world and mental world. The ideational function mainly consists