systemic-functionalgrammar李鴻蕊-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 ohn’s behalf. (Cause: Behalf) Reason represents the reason for which a process takes place. Purpose represents the purpose for which a process takes place. 4. Acpaniment This semantic element represents the meanings and (positive acpaniment), not (negative acpaniment) as circumstantials. It is expressed by prepositions or prepositional phrase, . with, without, instead of. . He came with/without her. He came instead of her. He set out with/without his umbrella. This element corresponds to the interrogative ―what about?‖ and is expressed by prepositions or prepositional phrase, . about, concerning, with reference to. . I worry about her health. They are talking about the weather. 6. Role The element corresponds to the interrogative ―what is?‖ and is expressed by prepositions and prepositional phrase, . as, by way of. . I came here as a friend. They leave the place untidy by way of protest. Voice 在功能語法中，語態(tài)交待某一過程首先與哪一個(gè)參與者建立聯(lián)系。 2. A system is finite 3. The meaning of each term in a system depend on the meaning of other terms in the same system. Entry conditions: Terms or options Functional Grammar Three metafunctions ideational function: language construes human experience interpersonal function: language enacts human relationships textual function: language creates discourse Ideational function The ideational function is to express our experiences of both the physical world and mental world. The ideational function mainly consists of ―transitivity‖ and ―voice‖. Transitivity Transitivity is a grammatical system. It ―specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed‖. The basic semantic framework for the representation of process consists of three ponents: (1) the process itself, (2) participants in the process, and (3)circumstances associated with the process. 及物性是以交待各種過程及其有關(guān)的參與者和環(huán)境成分來反映語言的概念功能 。 The notion of system is made a central explanatory principle, the whole of language being conceived as a ―system of systems‖. Halliday defines system as a system of potentials, a range of alternatives. Systemic Grammar The axis of chain Surface aspects of grammar, such as sentence structures, linguistic units, and their ranks (sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme) The axis of choice Meaning aspects of grammar Axis of choice (paradigmatic) Axis of Chain (syntagmatic) The system of a language is made up of many systems. On a general level, there is the Chain System and the Choice System. person First person Second person Third person number singular plural He eats the apple. All systems have three essential characteristics: 1. The terms in a system are mutually exclusive。 the 10th is tomorrow. The piano is Peter’s。 This function is realized by mood and modality. Speech roles and functions Role in exchange Commodity exchanged Goods amp。 Service） 在命令中，涉及聽話者執(zhí)行某一行為的職責(zé)和義務(wù) Obligation: 責(zé)任階 （ allowed, supposed, required) 在提供中，關(guān)系到說話者實(shí)施某一行為的傾向和意愿 Inclination: 傾向性階 （ willing, anxious, determined) You should take it. 2. 被動(dòng)詞組 You are
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