【正文】 ervices to support industry operations and larger labor markets or thicker input markets. Cases b and c reflect internal economies of scale and occur at the level of the individual firm. The larger the output of a product by a particular firm, the lower its average costs. This leads to imperfect petition as in petrochemicals, aircraft, and 。因此，一個(gè)人將兩個(gè)單位有效勞動(dòng)。要素價(jià)格均等化的概念也適用于有效的因素。7. If the efficiency of the factors of production differs internationally, the lessons of the HeckscherOhlin theory would be applied to “effective factors” which adjust for the differences in technology or worker skills or land quality (for example). The adjusted model has been found to be more successful than the unadjusted model at explaining the pattern of trade between countries. Factorprice equalization concepts would apply to the effective factors. A worker with more skills or in a country with better technology could be considered to be equal to two workers in another country. Thus, the single person would be two effective units of labor. Thus, the one highskilled worker could earn twice what lowerskilled workers do, and the price of one effective unit of labor would still be ，俄林理論課將適用于“影響因素”，適應(yīng)不同的技術(shù)或土地、技術(shù)工人素質(zhì)（例如）。鮑文，他和sveikauskas發(fā)現(xiàn)世界作為一個(gè)整體的要素稟賦和貿(mào)易模式之間的關(guān)系是脆弱的。預(yù)計(jì)美國(guó)，這已經(jīng)比世界其他地方高資本/勞動(dòng)比率，出口資本密集型商品，這是赫克歇爾俄林理論。此外，沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)貿(mào)易政策的作用存在于真空中，如果美國(guó)封鎖了編程的進(jìn)口，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致在其他國(guó)家更廣泛的貿(mào)易限制。首先，通過(guò)允許編程做得更便宜，它擴(kuò)大了美國(guó)的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界，使整個(gè)國(guó)家更好的平均。在短期內(nèi)，雖然，它顯然已經(jīng)傷害了那些與特定行業(yè)的技能的人將面臨轉(zhuǎn)型成本。5. Specific programmers may face wage cuts due to the petition from India, but this is not inconsistent with skilled labor wages rising. By making programming more efficient in general, this development may have increased wages for others in the software industry or lowered the prices of the goods overall. In the short run, though, it has clearly hurt those with sector specific skills who will face transition costs. There are many reasons to not block the imports of puter programming services (or outsourcing of these jobs). First, by allowing programming to be done more cheaply, it expands the production possibilities frontier of the ., making the entire country better off on average. Necessary redistribution can be done, but we should not stop trade which is making the nation as a whole better off. In addition, no one trade policy action exists in a vacuum, and if the . blocked the programming imports, it could lead to broader trade restrictions in other countries. 由于來(lái)自印度的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，具體的程序員可能會(huì)面臨減薪，但這與技術(shù)工人工資的上漲不一致。從赫克歇爾俄林模型支持工會(huì)的要求限制進(jìn)口的結(jié)果。赫克歇爾俄林模型直接解釋考慮到貿(mào)易對(duì)生產(chǎn)要素所有者影響的分配。4. In the Ricardian model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries. The HeckscherOhlin model directly addresses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled . labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the HeckscherOhlin model support labor union demands for import limits. In the short run, certain unskilled unions may gain or lose from trade depending on in which sector they work, but in theory, in the longer run, the conclusions of the HeckscherOhlin model will ，勞動(dòng)力通過(guò)增加其購(gòu)買(mǎi)力，從交易中獲利。重要的不是因素的絕對(duì)豐度，但它們的相對(duì)豐度。如果運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用很高，沒(méi)有物品交換的話(huà)，這里就沒(méi)有商業(yè)收益了。貿(mào)易的獲益隨著不交換物品交易的增長(zhǎng)而下降。結(jié)果，美國(guó)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力比日本高是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诓唤灰孜锲返牡蛢r(jià)格上。這表示日本人并不能從美國(guó)的低服務(wù)花費(fèi)收益，也不會(huì)面臨一個(gè)低于國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格的國(guó)際價(jià)格。這使得美國(guó)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力獲益和提高。8. While Japanese workers may earn the equivalent wages of . workers, the purchasing power of their ine is onethird less. This implies that although w = w* (more or less), p p* (since 3p = p*). Since the United States is considerably more productive in services, service prices are relatively low. This benefits and enhances . purchasing power. However, many of these services cannot be transported and hence, are not traded. This implies that the Japanese may not benefit from the lower . services costs, and do not face an international price which is lower than their domestic price. Likewise, the price of services in United States does not increase with the opening of trade since these services are nontraded. Consequently, . purchasing power is higher than that of Japan due to its lower prices on nontraded goods. 當(dāng)日本工人可以取得和美國(guó)工人相等的薪金的時(shí)候，他們收入帶來(lái)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力相比已經(jīng)少了1/3,。對(duì)于這個(gè)決定，也需要行業(yè)比率。如果國(guó)內(nèi)服務(wù)業(yè)的勞動(dòng)力比國(guó)外的更有效。 7. The problem with this argument is that it does not use all the information needed for determining parative advantage in production: this calculation involves the four unit labor requirements (for both the industry and service sectors, not just the two for the service sector). It is not enough to pare only service’s unit labor requirements. IfHome labor is more efficient than Foreign labor in services. While this demonstrates that the United States has an absolute advantage in services, this is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for determining parative advantage. For this determination, the industry ratios are also required. The petitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries.這種觀(guān)點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題在于，在生產(chǎn)中，它不使用所需的所有信息確定比較優(yōu)勢(shì)：這種計(jì)算涉及四單位勞動(dòng)需求（包括工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)，不只是兩個(gè)服務(wù)部門(mén)）。中國(guó)的低工資大概反映了一個(gè)事實(shí)，在大多數(shù)行業(yè)，中國(guó)是生產(chǎn)率比美國(guó)的低。關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是，相對(duì)工資率不憑空得來(lái)的；他們是通過(guò)比較生產(chǎn)力和商品的相對(duì)需求決定的。 5. This answer is identical to that in 3. The amount of “effective labor” has not changed since the doubling of the labor force is acpanied by a halving of the productivity of labor. 6. This statement is just an example of the pauper labor argument discussed in the chapter. The point is that relative wage rates do not e out of thin air。相對(duì)需求和相對(duì)供給曲線(xiàn)的交點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在是在較低的水平段，在點(diǎn) (2/3, 3/2)。每個(gè)國(guó)家都會(huì)從貿(mào)易中獲益。貿(mào)易使得每個(gè)國(guó)家可以用2個(gè)香蕉換取1個(gè)蘋(píng)果。因此，均衡的相對(duì)價(jià)格是2。因此，相對(duì)供給曲線(xiàn)為階梯狀，在價(jià)格的3/2處，從0到1/2是水平的，垂直的相對(duì)量的1 / 2，從3 / 2上升到5，然后再?gòu)? / 2平至無(wú)限遠(yuǎn)。在5的價(jià)格，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家將收獲蘋(píng)果。蘋(píng)果按3 / 2的價(jià)格提供的最大數(shù)量是按國(guó)內(nèi)400提供的，在這個(gè)價(jià)格，國(guó)外收獲800個(gè)香蕉，沒(méi)有蘋(píng)果，在這個(gè)價(jià)格的1 / 2給出最大的相對(duì)供給。最低的相對(duì)價(jià)格，蘋(píng)果收獲是每2個(gè)香蕉3個(gè)蘋(píng)果。2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on