【正文】 pple axis equal to 160(800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800(800/1).生產(chǎn)可能性曲線是線性的，在蘋果軸等于160（800 / 5），香蕉軸等于截距800（800 / 1）。在工業(yè)革命的后果,制造貿(mào)易加速和繼續(xù)擴大和改善交通和通信,這是不奇怪的,英國會更到附近和在歐洲大型經(jīng)濟體的大量貿(mào)易。 GDPj, 180。如果這是真的,國家A將出口8萬億美元,等于整個國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值。巴西是遠離任何大型經(jīng)濟體,也是在一個自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定與相對較小的國家。Chapter 2?World Trade: An Overview????25Chapter 2n?Answers to Textbook Problems1. We saw that not only is GDP important in explaining how much two countries trade, but also, distance is crucial. Given its remoteness, Australia faces relatively high costs of transporting imports and exports, thereby reducing the attractiveness of trade. Since Canada has a border with a large economy (the .) and Australia is not near any other major economy, it makes sense that Canada would be more open and Australia more selfreliant.我們看到,不僅是國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的重要解釋多少兩國貿(mào)易,但同時,距離是至關(guān)重要的。墨西哥交易超過巴西部分是因為它是如此接近一個主要經(jīng)濟體(美國),部分原因是它是一個成員的一個自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議(NAFTA)的大型經(jīng)濟體。我們將看到表2 2,第一行將是 ,。 GDPi 180。作為英國的氣候和自然資源稟賦都相當類似于那些在歐洲其他國家,它有更少的需要進口來自其他歐洲國家。由于工資在部門中是平等的，價格比率等于單位勞動力的比例要求,即3個蘋果相當于2個香蕉。相對供給曲線在5是水平的。 4. The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedule such that the corner Points are at (1, 3/2) and (1, 5), instead of (1/2, 3/2) and (1/2, 5). The intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section, at the Point (2/3, 3/2). In this case, Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home is the same whether or not there is trade, so Home neither gains nor loses from trade. 國內(nèi)工人數(shù)量的增加使得相對供應表的交點在(1, 3/2)和(1, 5)，而不是(1/2, 3/2)和（(1/2, 5).。作為測試的例子說明，一個高生產(chǎn)力國家和一個低生產(chǎn)力低工資國家進行貿(mào)易，將會提高而不是降低人民的生活水平。這個現(xiàn)實雖然w = w* (more or less), p p* (since 3p = p*)（看不懂是神馬）.由于美國在服務方面比較多產(chǎn)，服務的價值相對比較低。換句話說，貨物不進入國際市場的數(shù)量越多，潛在的商業(yè)收益就越低。在這種模式的背景下，非熟練勞動力從貿(mào)易中失去美國因為這組代表這個國家的相對稀缺的因素。必要的再分配可以做到的，但我們不應該停止貿(mào)易，使國家整體向好。調(diào)整后的模型已被發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了國家之間的貿(mào)易模式比未經(jīng)調(diào)整模型更成功。例b和c反映內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟和發(fā)生在個別公司的水平。在外部經(jīng)濟情況下,這樣的壟斷定價行為是不太可能因為不完全競爭市場不太可能。 7. a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in ，在生產(chǎn)的外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟。這反映了比較優(yōu)勢。b. Consumers in both countries will pay a lower price for this good when external economies are maximized through trade and all production is located in a single market. In the present example, no single country has a natural cost advantage or is worse off than it would be under ，外部經(jīng)濟最大化，通過貿(mào)易和生產(chǎn)位于一個單一的市場。這是發(fā)生在有7個工人在每個國家,勞動的邊際產(chǎn)品在每個國家是14。相反，公司尋找低成本生產(chǎn)地點。它可能是盈利為其他日本購買這些商品在美國,招致任何關(guān)稅和運輸成本,和轉(zhuǎn)售貨物在日本。如果，因為歷史的原因，半導體是一個特定的位置建立，由國家半導體的出口是由于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟和不比較優(yōu)勢?？搭}的答案11可以提供一些提示。與完全競爭市場的情況下,壟斷邊際收益不等于價格。因此，一個高技能的工人可以賺兩倍低技能工人做的，和一個有效的單位勞動價格仍會均衡。列昂惕夫發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國出口勞動密集型產(chǎn)品。在一般情況下，通過使編程更有效，這種發(fā)展可能增加在軟件行業(yè)的其他人的工資或降低商品的整體價格。貧窮國家相比更為發(fā)達國家有豐富的勞動力相對于資本。就好像，在美國的服務價格并不會隨著交易的開放而增長，因為這些服務是不進行交易的。雖然這表明美國服務業(yè)占絕對優(yōu)勢，這既不是必要的也不是充分條件確定比較優(yōu)勢。 they are determined by parative productivity and the relative demand for goods. The box in the chapter provides data which shows the strong connection between wages and productivity. China’s low wage presumably reflects the fact that China is less productive than the United States in most industries. As the test example illustrated, a highly productive country that trades with a less productive, lowwage country will raise, not lower, its standard of living. 這句話就是一個貧民勞動論在本章討論的例子。c. Home produces only apples, Foreign produces only bananas, and each country trades some of its product for the product of the other country.d. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one apple foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. Each country is better off with trade.在沒有貿(mào)易的時候，國內(nèi)可以用2個蘋果換取3個香蕉，國外可以用5個香蕉換取1個蘋果。相對供給曲線在這個價格是平的。它需要三個勞動收獲一個蘋果，但只有兩個勞動收獲一個香蕉。在每個GDP系數(shù)仍然是一個,但整體恒已經(jīng)改變了。在這種情況下,60%的國家A的GDP是出口,和以前一樣的。 GDPj, it now is 180。這說明，加拿大將更加開放，澳大利亞更加自力更生。2. Mexico is quite close to the ., but it is far from the European Union (EU). So it makes sense that it trades largely with the . Brazil is far from both, so its trade is split between the two. Mexico trades more than Brazil in part because it is so close to a major economy (the .) and in part because it is a member of a free trade agreement with a large economy (NAFTA). Brazil is farther away from any large economy and is in a free trade agreement with relatively small countries.墨西哥很接近美國的,但它遠歐盟(EU)。 GDPi 180。其邏輯是,當世界國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值翻了一番,增加國際貿(mào)易的可能性,當?shù)亟?jīng)濟已經(jīng)翻了一番,加劇了國內(nèi)貿(mào)易的可能性。4. As the share of world GDP which belongs to East Asian economies grows, then in every trade relationship which involves an East Asian economy, the size of the East Asian economy has grown. This makes the trade relationships with East Asian countries larger over time. The logic is similar for why the countries trade more with one another. Previously, they were quite small economies, meaning that their markets were too small to import a substantial amount. As they became more wealthy and the consumption demands of their populace rose, they were each able to import more. Thus, while they previously had focused their exports to other rich nations, over time, they became part of the rich nation club and thus were targets for one another’s exports. Again, using the gravity model, when South Korea and Taiwan were both small, the product of their GDPs was quite small, meaning despite their proximity, there was little trade between them. Now that they have both grown considerably, their GDPs predict a considerable amount of trade.5. As the chapter discusses, a century ago, much of world trade was in modities that in many ways were climate or geography determined. Thus, the UK imported goods that it could not make itself. This meant importing things like cotton or rubber from countries in the Western Hemisphere or Asia. As the UK’s climate and natural