【正文】 pple axis equal to 160(800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800(800/1).生產(chǎn)可能性曲線是線性的，在蘋果軸等于160（800 / 5），香蕉軸等于截距800（800 / 1）。在工業(yè)革命的后果,制造貿(mào)易加速和繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大和改善交通和通信,這是不奇怪的,英國(guó)會(huì)更到附近和在歐洲大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體的大量貿(mào)易。 GDPj, 180。如果這是真的,國(guó)家A將出口8萬億美元,等于整個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值。巴西是遠(yuǎn)離任何大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體,也是在一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定與相對(duì)較小的國(guó)家。Chapter 2?World Trade: An Overview????25Chapter 2n?Answers to Textbook Problems1. We saw that not only is GDP important in explaining how much two countries trade, but also, distance is crucial. Given its remoteness, Australia faces relatively high costs of transporting imports and exports, thereby reducing the attractiveness of trade. Since Canada has a border with a large economy (the .) and Australia is not near any other major economy, it makes sense that Canada would be more open and Australia more selfreliant.我們看到,不僅是國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的重要解釋多少兩國(guó)貿(mào)易,但同時(shí),距離是至關(guān)重要的。墨西哥交易超過巴西部分是因?yàn)樗侨绱私咏粋€(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體(美國(guó)),部分原因是它是一個(gè)成員的一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議(NAFTA)的大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體。我們將看到表2 2,第一行將是 ,。 GDPi 180。作為英國(guó)的氣候和自然資源稟賦都相當(dāng)類似于那些在歐洲其他國(guó)家,它有更少的需要進(jìn)口來自其他歐洲國(guó)家。由于工資在部門中是平等的，價(jià)格比率等于單位勞動(dòng)力的比例要求,即3個(gè)蘋果相當(dāng)于2個(gè)香蕉。相對(duì)供給曲線在5是水平的。 4. The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedule such that the corner Points are at (1, 3/2) and (1, 5), instead of (1/2, 3/2) and (1/2, 5). The intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section, at the Point (2/3, 3/2). In this case, Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home is the same whether or not there is trade, so Home neither gains nor loses from trade. 國(guó)內(nèi)工人數(shù)量的增加使得相對(duì)供應(yīng)表的交點(diǎn)在(1, 3/2)和(1, 5)，而不是(1/2, 3/2)和（(1/2, 5).。作為測(cè)試的例子說明，一個(gè)高生產(chǎn)力國(guó)家和一個(gè)低生產(chǎn)力低工資國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，將會(huì)提高而不是降低人民的生活水平。這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)雖然w = w* (more or less), p p* (since 3p = p*)（看不懂是神馬）.由于美國(guó)在服務(wù)方面比較多產(chǎn)，服務(wù)的價(jià)值相對(duì)比較低。換句話說，貨物不進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的數(shù)量越多，潛在的商業(yè)收益就越低。在這種模式的背景下，非熟練勞動(dòng)力從貿(mào)易中失去美國(guó)因?yàn)檫@組代表這個(gè)國(guó)家的相對(duì)稀缺的因素。必要的再分配可以做到的，但我們不應(yīng)該停止貿(mào)易，使國(guó)家整體向好。調(diào)整后的模型已被發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了國(guó)家之間的貿(mào)易模式比未經(jīng)調(diào)整模型更成功。例b和c反映內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和發(fā)生在個(gè)別公司的水平。在外部經(jīng)濟(jì)情況下,這樣的壟斷定價(jià)行為是不太可能因?yàn)椴煌耆?jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)不太可能。 7. a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in ，在生產(chǎn)的外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。這反映了比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。b. Consumers in both countries will pay a lower price for this good when external economies are maximized through trade and all production is located in a single market. In the present example, no single country has a natural cost advantage or is worse off than it would be under ，外部經(jīng)濟(jì)最大化，通過貿(mào)易和生產(chǎn)位于一個(gè)單一的市場(chǎng)。這是發(fā)生在有7個(gè)工人在每個(gè)國(guó)家,勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)品在每個(gè)國(guó)家是14。相反，公司尋找低成本生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)。它可能是盈利為其他日本購(gòu)買這些商品在美國(guó),招致任何關(guān)稅和運(yùn)輸成本,和轉(zhuǎn)售貨物在日本。如果，因?yàn)闅v史的原因，半導(dǎo)體是一個(gè)特定的位置建立，由國(guó)家半導(dǎo)體的出口是由于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和不比較優(yōu)勢(shì)?？搭}的答案11可以提供一些提示。與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的情況下,壟斷邊際收益不等于價(jià)格。因此，一個(gè)高技能的工人可以賺兩倍低技能工人做的，和一個(gè)有效的單位勞動(dòng)價(jià)格仍會(huì)均衡。列昂惕夫發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國(guó)出口勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品。在一般情況下，通過使編程更有效，這種發(fā)展可能增加在軟件行業(yè)的其他人的工資或降低商品的整體價(jià)格。貧窮國(guó)家相比更為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有豐富的勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)于資本。就好像，在美國(guó)的服務(wù)價(jià)格并不會(huì)隨著交易的開放而增長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)檫@些服務(wù)是不進(jìn)行交易的。雖然這表明美國(guó)服務(wù)業(yè)占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，這既不是必要的也不是充分條件確定比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。 they are determined by parative productivity and the relative demand for goods. The box in the chapter provides data which shows the strong connection between wages and productivity. China’s low wage presumably reflects the fact that China is less productive than the United States in most industries. As the test example illustrated, a highly productive country that trades with a less productive, lowwage country will raise, not lower, its standard of living. 這句話就是一個(gè)貧民勞動(dòng)論在本章討論的例子。c. Home produces only apples, Foreign produces only bananas, and each country trades some of its product for the product of the other country.d. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one apple foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. Each country is better off with trade.在沒有貿(mào)易的時(shí)候，國(guó)內(nèi)可以用2個(gè)蘋果換取3個(gè)香蕉，國(guó)外可以用5個(gè)香蕉換取1個(gè)蘋果。相對(duì)供給曲線在這個(gè)價(jià)格是平的。它需要三個(gè)勞動(dòng)收獲一個(gè)蘋果，但只有兩個(gè)勞動(dòng)收獲一個(gè)香蕉。在每個(gè)GDP系數(shù)仍然是一個(gè),但整體恒已經(jīng)改變了。在這種情況下,60%的國(guó)家A的GDP是出口,和以前一樣的。 GDPj, it now is 180。這說明，加拿大將更加開放，澳大利亞更加自力更生。2. Mexico is quite close to the ., but it is far from the European Union (EU). So it makes sense that it trades largely with the . Brazil is far from both, so its trade is split between the two. Mexico trades more than Brazil in part because it is so close to a major economy (the .) and in part because it is a member of a free trade agreement with a large economy (NAFTA). Brazil is farther away from any large economy and is in a free trade agreement with relatively small countries.墨西哥很接近美國(guó)的,但它遠(yuǎn)歐盟(EU)。 GDPi 180。其邏輯是,當(dāng)世界國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值翻了一番,增加國(guó)際貿(mào)易的可能性,當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)翻了一番,加劇了國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的可能性。4. As the share of world GDP which belongs to East Asian economies grows, then in every trade relationship which involves an East Asian economy, the size of the East Asian economy has grown. This makes the trade relationships with East Asian countries larger over time. The logic is similar for why the countries trade more with one another. Previously, they were quite small economies, meaning that their markets were too small to import a substantial amount. As they became more wealthy and the consumption demands of their populace rose, they were each able to import more. Thus, while they previously had focused their exports to other rich nations, over time, they became part of the rich nation club and thus were targets for one another’s exports. Again, using the gravity model, when South Korea and Taiwan were both small, the product of their GDPs was quite small, meaning despite their proximity, there was little trade between them. Now that they have both grown considerably, their GDPs predict a considerable amount of trade.5. As the chapter discusses, a century ago, much of world trade was in modities that in many ways were climate or geography determined. Thus, the UK imported goods that it could not make itself. This meant importing things like cotton or rubber from countries in the Western Hemisphere or Asia. As the UK’s climate and natural