【正文】 l bulk cargoes on a particular voyage, . ore or crude oil or dry bulk cargo. 諸如谷粒、糖和礦砂等貨物的大宗運(yùn)載也贏得了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。油艙表面通常有可防止玷污的涂層，同時(shí)也可在卸貨后獲得高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的油艙清潔度。同樣，其油艙布置受 MARPOL 73/78 的約束。速度范圍是 12 至 16 節(jié)。住艙和機(jī)艙位于船尾，并用隔離艙與油艙區(qū)分開(kāi)。 Considerable amounts of piping are visible on the deck running from the after pump room to the discharge manifolds positioned at midships, port and starboard. Hosehandling derricks are fitted port and starboard near the manifolds. The acmodation and machinery spaces are located aft and separated from the tank region by a cofferdam. The range of size for crude oil tankers is enormous, beginning at about 20,000 dwt and extending beyond 500,000 dwt. Speeds range from 12 to 16 knots. 在甲板上可以看到大量管路從后泵房走向位于左右舷船中的卸油分配閥箱。貨物由設(shè)在后泵房的貨油泵卸出。載貨的液艙包括七個(gè)中央艙、四對(duì)邊艙和兩個(gè)污油艙。油船在壓載航行時(shí)必須只使用它的隔離壓載水艙以便獲得一種安全的運(yùn)行狀況。這些艙的尺寸和位置由國(guó)際海事組織公約 MARPOL 1973/78 所規(guī)定。這些船所裝的提煉產(chǎn)品包括汽油，航空燃油和煤油。載重噸位超過(guò)五百萬(wàn)的原油船也已制造，盡管當(dāng)前（ 1985）的趨勢(shì)是稍微小一點(diǎn)的船舶（十到十五萬(wàn)載重噸）。油船特別是原油船已顯著地增加了尺度以獲得規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。還考慮了“拖輪 駁船”系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)中“船舶”實(shí)際上是一些相連接的駁船，配備一個(gè)可分離的推進(jìn)單元。每一種船可用來(lái)裝載集裝箱，而升降式載駁船也能攜帶滾裝貨。速度也相似在 18 節(jié)左右。早駁船甲板的前端設(shè)置了駁船絞車房，并布置了用于駁船水平運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械。 The machinery space also extends into the boxlike structure outboard of the barges on either side of the ship. The acmodation is also located here together with several ballast tanks. A barge winch room is located forward of the barge decks and provides the machinery for horizontal movement of the barges. The SEABEE is physically about the same size as the LASH ship but with a slightly smaller deadweight of 38,000 tonnes. The speed is similarly in the region of 18 knots. 機(jī)艙延伸到駁船外側(cè)船舶兩舷箱形結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)。兩層 間甲板和露天甲板用來(lái)存放駁船。駁船用位于船尾的一臺(tái)升降機(jī)上船；然后用絞車沿著各層甲板拖向船首。載駁船很大，在 45000 載重噸左右，速度在 18 節(jié)左右。裝駁區(qū)周圍的船體結(jié)構(gòu)與集裝箱船相似。用一臺(tái)舉力超過(guò) 500 噸的移動(dòng)式門(mén)架起重機(jī)來(lái)裝卸駁船。 The LASH ship carries barges, capable of holding up to 00 tonne of cargo, which are m ( ft) long, (31ft) beam and m (13 ft) deep. About eighty barges are carried stacked in holds much the same as containers with some as deck cargo on top of the hatch covers. The barges are loaded and unloaded using a traveling gantry crane capable of lifting over 500 tonne. Actual loading and discharge takes place between extended “arms” at the after end of the ship. The shi structure around the barges is similar to the container ship. The acmodation is located forward whereas the machinery space is one hold space forward of the stern. LASH ships are large, in the region of 45,000 deadweight tones, with speeds in the region of 18 knots. 載駁船載運(yùn)駁船，駁船能裝 400 噸貨物，它長(zhǎng) ()，寬 (31ft)，深 (13ft)。這一運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)很少或甚至不需要港口設(shè)備，它特別適合于有大量?jī)?nèi)陸水道的國(guó)家。 Barge carrier 載駁船 This type of vessel is a variation of the container ship, instead of containers, standard barges are carried into which the cargo has been previously loaded. The barges, once unloaded, are towed away by tugs and return cargo barges are loaded. Minimal or even no port facilities are required and the system is particularly suited to countries with vast inland waterways. Two particular types will be described, the LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship) and the SEABEE. 這種船是集裝箱船的派生船型，所裝載的不是集裝箱，而是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的駁船，駁船中預(yù)先裝進(jìn)了貨物。尺度變化很大， 16000 載重噸（ 28000排水噸）相當(dāng)普遍。住艙還有低高度的機(jī)艙都位于船尾。 The ship?s structure outboard of the cargo decks is a boxlike arrangement of wing tanks to provide longitudinal strength. A double bottom is also fitted along the plete length. The acmodation is located aft and also the lowheight machinery space. Only a narrow machinery casing actually perates the loading deck. Sizes range considerably with about 16,000 dwt (28,000 displacement tonne) being quite mon. High speeds in the region of 18~22 knots are usual. 貨物加班舷側(cè)部分的船體結(jié)構(gòu)是箱形布置的邊艙，以提供縱向強(qiáng)度。某些滾裝船也時(shí)艙口蓋，以便在下層甲第 7 頁(yè) 共 36 頁(yè) 板上裝載集裝箱。為了裝運(yùn)集裝箱或雜貨，船上可有一個(gè)或幾個(gè)艙口，并配有一臺(tái)或幾臺(tái)甲板吊車。內(nèi)部坡道由裝載甲板通向其他間甲板區(qū)域。車架下空間和上部間隙損失了裝卸容積，因而許多滾裝船也設(shè)計(jì)成適于裝載集裝箱。 Rollon / rolloff ships 滾裝船 This vessel was originally designed for wheeled cargo, usually in the form of trailers. The cargo could be rapidly loaded and unloaded by stern or bow ramps and sometimes sideports for smaller vehicles. The loss of public capacity due to undercarriages and clearances has resulted in many rollon rolloff vessels being also adapted to carry containers. 這種船原先設(shè)計(jì)用于有輪貨物，通常是拖車的形式。集裝箱船比大多數(shù)船快得多，速度高達(dá) 30 節(jié)。集裝箱船的尺度變化很大，其集裝箱裝載能力從 1000 箱到2500 箱或更多。 The acmodation and machinery spaces are usually located aft to provide the maximum length of fullboded ship for container stowage. Cargohandling equipment is rarely fitted, since these ships travel between specially equipped terminals to ensure rapid loading and discharge. Container ship sizes vary considerably, with container carrying capacities from 1,000 to 2,500 TEU?s or more. The twenty foot equivalent unit (TEU) represents a 20 ft (6,055 mm) “standard” container. Container ships are much faster than most cargo ships, with speeds up to 30 knots. They operate as liners on set schedules between fixed ports. 居住艙室和機(jī)艙通常位于船尾，以提供最大長(zhǎng)度的豐滿船體用語(yǔ)儲(chǔ)藏集裝箱。這些邊艙可以用來(lái)裝壓載水，并能安排來(lái)抵抗船舶卸箱時(shí)產(chǎn)生的橫斜。 The various cargo holds are separated by a deep webframed structure to provide the ship with transverse strength. The ship structure outboard of the container holds on either side is a boxlike arrangement of wing tanks which provides longitudinal strength to the structure. These wing tanks may be used for water ballast and can be arranged to counter the heeling of the ship when discharging containers. A double bottom is also fitted which adds to the longitudinal strength and provides additional ballast space. 各個(gè)貨艙用強(qiáng)框架結(jié)構(gòu)隔開(kāi)，為船舶提供橫向強(qiáng)度。集裝箱也可以堆放在頂部平坦的艙口蓋上。集裝箱放在特殊的框架內(nèi)，并在貨艙空間內(nèi)一只箱子堆在另一只箱子上。冷藏集裝箱也在使用，它可以有自己獨(dú)立的制冷裝置或由船舶的制冷系統(tǒng)提供冷氣。 Container ships 集裝箱船 A container is a reusable box of 2,435 mm by 2,435 mm section, with lengths of either 6,055, 9,125 or 12,190 mm. Container are now used for most general cargoes and liquidcarrying versions also exist. Refrigerated versions are also in use which may have their own independ