【正文】 applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the piling of dictionaries, etc 163. municative petence: as defined by Hymes, the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to municative use. 164. syllabus: the planning of course of instruction. It is a description of the cousr content, teaching procedures and learning experiences. 胡壯麟 《語言學(xué)教程》課后題 terms 答案 小七外語館 kominisan整 理 10 165. interlanguage: the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, . the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. 166. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language. When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation。 it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely., the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. 123. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something。 what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference. 92. predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple. 93. assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. 94. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖ in which each word is represented by a full and 胡壯麟 《語言學(xué)教程》課后題 terms 答案 小七外語館 kominisan整 理 6 independent‖ recognistion element‖. When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully acticated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated。sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc. 84. relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. There are always two entities involved. One presupposes the other. The shorter, better。small,fat。 any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats, as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes. So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme. 41. Stem: any morpheme or bination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 42. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, . the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖. 43. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. 44. lexeme: A separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word(.‖ dog in the manger‖) 45. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation. 46. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns. 47. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs. 48. openclass: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs. 49. blending: a relatively plex form of pounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 50. loan word: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter. 51. loan blend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. 52. lean shift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native. 53. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an anization, which has a heavily modified headword. 54. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system. 55. backformation: an abnormal type of wordformation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language. 56. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called. ‖contact ‖or ‖contiguous‖ assimilation. 57. dissimilation: the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds bee less alike, or different. 58. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms 胡壯麟 《語言學(xué)教程》課后題 terms 答案 小七外語館 kominisan整 理 4 mistakenly taken to be analogous 59. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc. 60. concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. 61. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. 62. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent. 63. immediate constituent analysis: the anal